{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T02:00:34Z","timestamp":1781143234008,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,29]],"date-time":"2010-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1264723200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ploscompbiol.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Comput Biol"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1000656","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,28]],"date-time":"2010-01-28T22:33:49Z","timestamp":1264718029000},"page":"e1000656","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":279,"title":["FluTE, a Publicly Available Stochastic Influenza Epidemic Simulation Model"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Dennis L.","family":"Chao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Elizabeth","family":"Halloran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valerie J.","family":"Obenchain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ira M.","family":"Longini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1098\/rspa.1916.0007","article-title":"Application of the theory of probabilities to the study of <italic>a priori<\/italic> pathometry. part I.","volume":"92","author":"R Ross","year":"1916","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.2307\/4592614","article-title":"Simulation of mathematical models for public health problems.","volume":"80","author":"L Elveback","year":"1965","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1074674","article-title":"Containing bioterrorist smallpox.","volume":"298","author":"ME Halloran","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02541","article-title":"Modelling disease outbreaks in realistic urban social networks.","volume":"429","author":"S Eubank","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04795","article-title":"Strategies for mitigating an influenza pandemic.","volume":"442","author":"NM Ferguson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5935","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0601266103","article-title":"Mitigation strategies for pandemic influenza in the United States.","volume":"103","author":"TC Germann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7582","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0610941104","article-title":"Public health interventions and epidemic intensity during the 1918 influenza pandemic.","volume":"104","author":"RJ Hatchett","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4639","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0706849105","article-title":"Modeling targeted layered containment of an influenza pandemic in the United States.","volume":"105","author":"ME Halloran","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-7-30","article-title":"Modeling influenza epidemics and pandemics: insights into the future of swine flu (H1N1).","volume":"7","author":"BJ Coburn","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"3254","article-title":"Community interventions and the epidemic prevention potential.","volume":"20(27\u201328)","author":"ME Halloran","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1115717","article-title":"Containing pandemic influenza at the source.","volume":"309","author":"IM Longini Jr","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.29.2.348-355.1980","article-title":"Evaluation of influenza A\/Hong Kong\/123\/77 (H1N1) <italic>ts<\/italic>-1A2 and cold-adapted recombinant viruses in seronegative adult volunteers.","volume":"29","author":"BR Murphy","year":"1980","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7590","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01623-05","article-title":"Kinetics of influenza A virus infection in humans.","volume":"80","author":"P Baccam","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwj362","article-title":"Antiviral effects on influenza viral transmission and pathogenicity: observations from household-based trials.","volume":"165","author":"ME Halloran","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwm375","article-title":"Time lines of infection and disease in human influenza: a review of volunteer challenge studies.","volume":"167","author":"F Carrat","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a112213","article-title":"An influenza simulation model for immunization studies.","volume":"103","author":"LR Elveback","year":"1976","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.2307\/2532652","article-title":"A generalized stochastic model for the analysis of infectious disease final size data.","volume":"47","author":"CL Addy","year":"1991","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"29","article-title":"The mechanism of spread of Asian influenza.","volume":"83","author":"WS Jordan Jr","year":"1961","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwh092","article-title":"Containing pandemic influenza with antiviral agents.","volume":"159","author":"IM Longini Jr","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1177373","article-title":"The transmissibility and control of pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus.","volume":"326","author":"Y Yang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e74","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0050074","article-title":"Social contacts and mixing patterns relevant to the spread of infectious diseases.","volume":"5","author":"J Mossong","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00178324","article-title":"On the definition and the computation of the basic reproduction ratio <italic>R<sub>0<\/sub><\/italic> in models for infectious diseases in heterogeneous populations.","volume":"28","author":"O Diekmann","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Math Biol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e31819d1092","article-title":"Estimation of the serial interval of influenza.","volume":"20","author":"BJ Cowling","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.epirev.a017990","article-title":"Design and interpretation of vaccine field studies.","volume":"21","author":"ME Halloran","year":"1999","journal-title":"Epidemiol Rev"},{"key":"ref25","article-title":"Interim Pre-Pandemic Planning Guidance: Community Strategy for Pandemic Influenza Mitigation in the United States \u2014 Early, Targeted, Layered Use of Nonpharmaceutical Interventions","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1109\/TITB.2007.910354","article-title":"The model repository of the Models of Infectious Disease Agent Study.","volume":"12","author":"PC Cooley","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Inf Technol Biomed"},{"key":"ref27","first-page":"607","article-title":"SIMD-oriented Fast Mersenne Twister: a 128-bit pseudorandom number generator.","author":"M Saito","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref28","article-title":"Numerical Recipes. The Art of Scientific Computing","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwn259","article-title":"Estimating influenza vaccine efficacy from challenge and community-based study data.","volume":"168","author":"NE Basta","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19\u00e2\u20ac\u2018","DOI":"10.1016\/0025-5564(86)90003-9","article-title":"The discrete-time general epidemic model: a synthesis.","volume":"82","author":"IM Longini Jr","year":"1986","journal-title":"Mathematical Biosciences"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a121258","article-title":"Stochastic two-agent epidemic simulation models for a community of families.","volume":"93","author":"L Elveback","year":"1971","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1214\/aoap\/1034625252","article-title":"Epidemics with two levels of mixing.","volume":"7","author":"F Ball","year":"1997","journal-title":"The Annals of Applied Probability"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-5564(97)00079-5","article-title":"The effect of community structure on the immunity coverage required to prevent epidemics.","volume":"147","author":"NG Becker","year":"1998","journal-title":"Math Biosci"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwj317","article-title":"Using data on social contacts to estimate age-specific transmission parameters for respiratory-spread infectious agents.","volume":"164","author":"J Wallinga","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2605","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0903810","article-title":"Emergence of a novel swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus in humans.","volume":"360","author":"FS Dawood","year":"2009","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19205","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.14.19.19205-en","article-title":"A preliminary estimation of the reproduction ratio for new influenza A(H1N1) from the outbreak in Mexico, March\u2013April 2009.","volume":"14","author":"PY Bo\u00eblle","year":"2009","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19227","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.14.22.19227-en","article-title":"Transmission potential of the new influenza A(H1N1) virus and its age-specificity in Japan.","volume":"14","author":"H Nishiura","year":"2009","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwp237","article-title":"Strategies for pandemic and seasonal influenza vaccination of schoolchildren in the United States.","volume":"170","author":"NE Basta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4733.2008.00437.x","article-title":"Economic evaluation of influenza pandemic mitigation strategies in the United States using a stochastic microsimulation transmission model.","volume":"12","author":"B Sander","year":"2009","journal-title":"Value in Health"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1098\/rspa.1927.0118","article-title":"A contribution to the mathematical theory of epidemics.","volume":"115","author":"WO Kermack","year":"1927","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series A"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0040013","article-title":"Modeling the worldwide spread of pandemic influenza: baseline case and containment interventions.","volume":"4","author":"V Colizza","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2202\/1948-4690.1001","article-title":"Infectious disease modeling: Creating a community to respond to biological threats.","volume":"1","author":"J Kaufman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Statistical Communications in Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02007","article-title":"Planning for smallpox outbreaks.","volume":"425","author":"NM Ferguson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2006.03.002","article-title":"Containing a large bioterrorist smallpox attack: a computer simulation approach.","volume":"11","author":"IM Longini Jr","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref45","article-title":"U. S. International Air Passenger and Freight Statistics.","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/0025-5564(78)90023-8","article-title":"An optimization model for influenza A epidemics.","volume":"38","author":"IM Longini","year":"1978","journal-title":"Mathematical Biosciences"}],"container-title":["PLoS Computational Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1000656","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,21]],"date-time":"2021-10-21T02:25:07Z","timestamp":1634783107000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1000656"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Angela R.","family":"McLean","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,29]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,29]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1000656","relation":{},"ISSN":["1553-7358"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-7358","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,29]]}}}