{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T21:20:36Z","timestamp":1769721636400,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,17]],"date-time":"2011-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1297900800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ploscompbiol.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Comput Biol"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1001080","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,17]],"date-time":"2011-02-17T14:40:41Z","timestamp":1297953641000},"page":"e1001080","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":90,"title":["Spike-Based Population Coding and Working Memory"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Martin","family":"Boerlin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Den\u00e8ve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1038\/415429a","article-title":"Humans integrate visual and haptic information in a statistically optimal fashion.","volume":"415","author":"MO Ernst","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02169","article-title":"Bayesian integration in sensorimotor learning.","volume":"427","author":"KP Kording","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref3","article-title":"Perception as Bayesian inference","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1038\/nn963","article-title":"Optimal feedback control as a theory of motor coordination.","volume":"5","author":"E Todorov","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1162\/089976698300017818","article-title":"Probabilistic interpretation of population codes.","volume":"10","author":"RS Zemel","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neural Comput"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1790","article-title":"Bayesian inference with probabilistic population codes.","volume":"9","author":"WJ Ma","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2008.09.021","article-title":"Probabilistic population codes for bayesian decision making.","volume":"60","author":"JM Beck","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.2008.20.1.91","article-title":"Bayesian spiking neurons i: inference.","volume":"20","author":"S Deneve","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neural Comput"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1162\/08997660460733976","article-title":"Bayesian computation in recurrent neural circuits.","volume":"16","author":"RPN Rao","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neural Comput"},{"key":"ref10","article-title":"Neural engineering: Computation, representation, and dynamics in neurobiological systems","author":"C Eliasmith","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1953.sp004829","article-title":"Summation and inhibition in the frog&apos;s retina.","volume":"119","author":"HB Barlow","year":"1953","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.02-11-01527.1982","article-title":"On the relations between the direction of two-dimensional arm movements and cell discharge in primate motor cortex.","volume":"2","author":"AP Georgopoulos","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/0959-4388(94)90059-0","article-title":"Noise, neural codes and cortical organization.","volume":"4","author":"MN Shadlen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(83)90200-6","article-title":"The statistical reliability of signals in single neurons in cat and monkey visual cortex.","volume":"23","author":"DJ Tolhurst","year":"1983","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2255","DOI":"10.1162\/089976603322362356","article-title":"Doubly distributional population codes: simultaneous representation of uncertainty and multiplicity.","volume":"15","author":"M Sahani","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neural Comput"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1691","article-title":"Optimal representation of sensory information by neural populations.","volume":"9","author":"M Jazayeri","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.2007.19.5.1344","article-title":"Exact inferences in a neural implementation of a hidden markov model.","volume":"19","author":"JM Beck","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neural Comput"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2325","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.2008.01-07-436","article-title":"Encoding and decoding spikes for dynamic stimuli.","volume":"20","author":"R Natarajan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neural Comput"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10749","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.22.10749","article-title":"Simple models for reading neuronal population codes.","volume":"90","author":"HS Seung","year":"1993","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1038\/35039062","article-title":"Information processing with population codes.","volume":"1","author":"A Pouget","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"122","article-title":"Spiking boltzmann machines.","author":"GE Hinton","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1162\/089976603765202631","article-title":"Sequential bayesian decoding with a population of neurons.","volume":"15","author":"S Wu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neural Comput"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.2007.19.2.404","article-title":"Fast population coding.","volume":"19","author":"QJM Huys","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neural Comput"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3389\/neuro.10.021.2009","article-title":"Bayesian population decoding of spiking neurons.","volume":"3","author":"S Gerwinn","year":"2009","journal-title":"Front Comput Neurosci"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1038\/11205","article-title":"Reading population codes: a neural implementation of ideal observers.","volume":"2","author":"S Deneve","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2006.07.013","article-title":"Speed-accuracy tradeoff in olfaction.","volume":"51","author":"D Rinberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1916","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2001.86.4.1916","article-title":"Neural basis of a perceptual decision in the parietal cortex (area lip) of the rhesus monkey.","volume":"86","author":"MN Shadlen","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1989.61.2.331","article-title":"Mnemonic coding of visual space in the monkey&apos;s dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.","volume":"61","author":"S Funahashi","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3441","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00949.2002","article-title":"Temporally irregular mnemonic persistent activity in prefrontal neurons of monkeys during a delayed response task.","volume":"90","author":"A Compte","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/10.9.910","article-title":"Synaptic mechanisms and network dynamics underlying spatial working memory in a cortical network model.","volume":"10","author":"A Compte","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3844","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.9.3844","article-title":"Theory of orientation tuning in visual cortex.","volume":"92","author":"R Ben-Yishai","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(03)00149-1","article-title":"Pyramidal neuron as two-layer neural network.","volume":"37","author":"P Poirazi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1038\/20939","article-title":"Neuronal correlates of parametric working memory in the prefrontal cortex.","volume":"399","author":"R Romo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09086","article-title":"Sensitivity to perturbations in vivo implies high noise and suggests rate coding in cortex.","volume":"466","author":"M London","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1162\/089976698300017214","article-title":"Chaotic balanced state in a model of cortical circuits.","volume":"10","author":"C van Vreeswijk","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neural Comput"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.61.259","article-title":"Chaos in random neural networks.","volume":"61","author":"H Sompolinsky","year":"1988","journal-title":"Phys Rev Lett"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2258","article-title":"Noise in the nervous system.","volume":"9","author":"AA Faisal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2001.85.5.1969","article-title":"Natural waking and sleep states: a view from inside neocortical neurons.","volume":"85","author":"M Steriade","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10388","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-32-10388.2003","article-title":"Barrages of synaptic activity control the gain and sensitivity of cortical neurons.","volume":"23","author":"Y Shu","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)81155-1","article-title":"Stability of the memory of eye position in a recurrent network of conductance-based model neurons.","volume":"26","author":"HS Seung","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1038\/nn893","article-title":"Model for a robust neural integrator.","volume":"5","author":"AA Koulakov","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.1998.00101.x","article-title":"Temporal limits of spatial working memory in humans.","volume":"10","author":"CJ Ploner","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9587","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.19-21-09587.1999","article-title":"Synaptic basis of cortical persistent activity: the importance of nmda receptors to working memory.","volume":"19","author":"XJ Wang","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref44","first-page":"525","article-title":"Optimal estimation in sensory systems.","author":"EP Simoncelli","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.09.056","article-title":"Orientation-restricted continuous visual exposure induces marked reorganization of orientation maps in early life.","volume":"30","author":"S Tanaka","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2005.07.002","article-title":"Learning-induced plasticity in animal and human auditory cortex.","volume":"15","author":"FW Ohl","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiol"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1115807","article-title":"Map plasticity in somatosensory cortex.","volume":"310","author":"DE Feldman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11003","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3305-05.2005","article-title":"Prediction and decoding of retinal ganglion cell responses with a probabilistic spiking model.","volume":"25","author":"JW Pillow","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"055019 (19pp)","DOI":"10.1088\/1367-2630\/10\/5\/055019","article-title":"Information transmission with spiking bayesian neurons.","volume":"10","author":"T Lochmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"New J Phys"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7770778","article-title":"Reliability of spike timing in neocortical neurons.","volume":"268","author":"ZF Mainen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5392","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-14-05392.2000","article-title":"Temporal coding of visual information in the thalamus.","volume":"20","author":"P Reinagel","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.2008.05-06-206","article-title":"Dynamical constraints on using precise spike timing to compute in recurrent cortical networks.","volume":"20","author":"A Banerjee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neural Comput"},{"key":"ref53","first-page":"1113","article-title":"Hierarchical bayesian inference in networks of spiking neurons.","author":"RPN Rao","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5744","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3985-06.2007","article-title":"Optimal sensorimotor integration in recurrent cortical networks: a neural implementation of kalman filters.","volume":"27","author":"S Denve","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1162\/089976698300017115","article-title":"Mutual information, fisher information, and population coding.","volume":"10","author":"N Brunel","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neural Comput"}],"container-title":["PLoS Computational Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1001080","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,8]],"date-time":"2019-06-08T12:37:00Z","timestamp":1559997420000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1001080"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Karl J.","family":"Friston","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,17]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,17]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1001080","relation":{},"ISSN":["1553-7358"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-7358","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,17]]}}}