{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T10:07:35Z","timestamp":1767175655823,"version":"build-2238731810"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,6]],"date-time":"2011-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1317859200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ploscompbiol.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Comput Biol"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1002162","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,6]],"date-time":"2011-10-06T17:45:36Z","timestamp":1317923136000},"page":"e1002162","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Model Cortical Association Fields Account for the Time Course and Dependence on Target Complexity of Human Contour Perception"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Vadas","family":"Gintautas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael I.","family":"Ham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Kunsberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shawn","family":"Barr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven P.","family":"Brumby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Craig","family":"Rasmussen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John S.","family":"George","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ilya","family":"Nemenman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lu\u00eds M. A.","family":"Bettencourt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Garret T.","family":"Kenyon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","article-title":"Cue dynamics underlying rapid detection of animals in natural scenes.","volume":"9","author":"L Velisavljevi\u0107","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Vision"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(93)90156-Q","article-title":"Contour integration by the human visual system: Evidence for a local \u201cassociation field\u201d.","volume":"33","author":"DJ Field","year":"1993","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2008.03.006","article-title":"Perception of contours and shapes: Low and intermediate stage mechanisms.","volume":"48","author":"G Loffler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(99)01410-2","article-title":"Integration of contours: new insights.","volume":"3","author":"R Hess","year":"1999","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(00)00113-6","article-title":"Seeing beyond the receptive field in primary visual cortex.","volume":"10","author":"D Fitzpatrick","year":"2000","journal-title":"Curr Opin in Neurobiol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphysparis.2004.01.023","article-title":"The \u201csilent\u201d surround of v1 receptive fields: theory and experiments.","volume":"97","author":"P Seri\u00e9s","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Physiol Paris"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7495","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.16.7495","article-title":"A closed curve is much more than an incomplete one: effect of closure in figure-ground segmentation.","volume":"90","author":"I Kov\u00e1cs","year":"1993","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(97)00238-1","article-title":"Constraints on long range interactions mediating contour detection.","volume":"38","author":"MW Pettet","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(93)90081-7","article-title":"Lateral interactions between spatial channels: Suppression and facilitation revealed by lateral masking experiments.","volume":"33","author":"U Polat","year":"1993","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(95)90175-2","article-title":"Improvement in visual sensitivity by changes in local context: Parallel studies in human observers and in v1 of alert monkeys.","volume":"15","author":"MK Kapadia","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.2478\/v10053-008-0021-4","article-title":"Spatio-temporal low-level neural networks account for visual masking.","volume":"3","author":"U Polat","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adv Cogn Psych"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2007.08.007","article-title":"Collinear facilitation: Effect of additive and multiplicative external noise.","volume":"47","author":"PC Huang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1126\/science.283.5402.695","article-title":"Horizontal Propagation of Visual Activity in the Synaptic Integration Field of Area 17 Neurons.","volume":"283","author":"V Bringuier","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2530","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00692.2001","article-title":"Nature and interaction of signals from the receptive field center and surround in macaque v1 neurons.","volume":"88","author":"JR Cavanaugh","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neurophys"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2547","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00693.2001","article-title":"Selectivity and spatial distribution of signals from the receptive field surround in macaque v1 neurons.","volume":"88","author":"JR Cavanaugh","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neurophys"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12745","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.6071-09.2010","article-title":"Suppressive Lateral Interactions at Parafoveal Representations in Primary Visual Cortex.","volume":"30","author":"A Pooresmaeili","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2112","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.17-06-02112.1997","article-title":"Orientation Selectivity and the Arrangement of Horizontal Connections in Tree Shrew Striate Cortex.","volume":"17","author":"WH Bosking","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2432","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.09-07-02432.1989","article-title":"Columnar specificity of intrinsic horizontal and corticocortical connections in cat visual cortex.","volume":"9","author":"C Gilbert","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10469","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.22.10469","article-title":"Relationship between intrinsic connections and functional architecture revealed by optical imaging and in vivo targeted biocytin injections in primate striate cortex.","volume":"90","author":"R Malach","year":"1993","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(01)00020-7","article-title":"Dynamics of contour integration.","volume":"41","author":"RF Hess","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1162\/089892901564199","article-title":"The speed of sight.","volume":"13","author":"C Keysers","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Cognitive Neurosci"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(00)01852-0","article-title":"Visual masking and rsvp reveal neural competition.","volume":"6","author":"C Keysers","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2005.01.004","article-title":"The time course of visual processing: Backward masking and natural scene categorisation.","volume":"45","author":"N Bacon-Mac\u00e9","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1162\/089976604772744866","article-title":"Geometrical computations explain projection patterns of long-range horizontal connections in visual cortex.","volume":"16","author":"O Ben-Shahar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neural Comput"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523808080875","article-title":"Contour statistics in natural images: Grouping across occlusions.","volume":"26","author":"WS Geisler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Visual Neurosci"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2004.08.010","article-title":"Rapid contour integration in macaque monkeys.","volume":"45","author":"S Mandon","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neunet.2004.03.007","article-title":"A model of contextual interactions and contour detection in primary visual cortex.","volume":"17","author":"M Ursino","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neural Networks"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1167\/8.7.17","article-title":"Response similarity as a basis for perceptual binding.","volume":"8","author":"A Sterkin","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Vis"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7690","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-20-07690.2003","article-title":"Time course and time-distance relationships for surround suppression in macaque v1 neurons.","volume":"23","author":"W Bair","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6482","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5168-09.2010","article-title":"Analysis of the Context Integration Mechanisms Underlying Figure-Ground Organization in the Visual Cortex.","volume":"30","author":"NR Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9117","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1253-06.2006","article-title":"The Role of Feedback in Shaping the Extra-Classical Receptive Field of Cortical Neurons: A Recurrent Network Model.","volume":"26","author":"L Schwabe","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8633","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-19-08633.2002","article-title":"Circuits for Local and Global Signal Integration in Primary Visual Cortex.","volume":"22","author":"A Angelucci","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6424","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0700622104","article-title":"A feedforward architecture accounts for rapid categorization.","volume":"104","author":"T Serre","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2009.05.006","article-title":"Microsaccades: a neurophysiological analysis.","volume":"32","author":"S Martinez-Conde","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1994.0087","article-title":"Processing Speed in the Cerebral Cortex and the Neurophysiology of Visual Masking.","volume":"257","author":"ET Rolls","year":"1994","journal-title":"P Roy Soc Lond B Bio"},{"key":"ref36","first-page":"3555","article-title":"Detection and recognition of radial frequency patterns.","volume":"38","author":"F Wilkinson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(00)00277-7","article-title":"Edge co-occurrence in natural images predicts contour grouping performance.","volume":"41","author":"WS Geisler","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04701","article-title":"Weak pairwise correlations imply strongly correlated network states in neural population.","volume":"440","author":"E Schneidman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8254","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1282-06.2006","article-title":"The Structure of Multi-Neuron Firing Patterns in Primate Retina.","volume":"26","author":"J Shlens","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1987.58.6.1233","article-title":"An evaluation of the two-dimensional Gabor filter model of simple receptive fields in cat striate cortex.","volume":"58","author":"JP Jones","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Neurophys"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5908","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.18-15-05908.1998","article-title":"Contrast-invariant orientation tuning in visual cortex: feedforward tuning and correlation-based intracortical connectivity.","volume":"18","author":"TW Troyer","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8633","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-19-08633.2002","article-title":"Circuits for local and global signal integration in primary visual cortex.","volume":"22","author":"A Angelucci","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14190","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.25.14190","article-title":"Is blindsight like normal, near-threshold vision?","volume":"94","author":"P Azzopardi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"ref44","article-title":"Detection theory: a user's guide.","author":"NA Macmillan","year":"1991"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1992.68.4.1332","article-title":"Visual response latencies in striate cortex of the macaque monkey.","volume":"68","author":"JHR Maunsell","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Neurophys"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2007.01.006","article-title":"Detection of shape in radial frequency contours: Independence of local and global form information.","volume":"47","author":"J Bell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1162\/08997660152469332","article-title":"Computational design and nonlinear dynamics of a recurrent network model of the primary visual cortex.","volume":"13","author":"Z Li","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neural Comput"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1162\/089976698300017557","article-title":"A neural model of contour integration in the primary visual cortex.","volume":"10","author":"Z Li","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neural Comput"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1007\/s00422-005-0577-8","article-title":"Computational modeling and exploration of contour integration for visual saliency.","volume":"93","author":"TN Mundhenk","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol Cybern"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2006.04.035","article-title":"Contour saliency in primary visual cortex.","volume":"50","author":"W Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03198851","article-title":"Neural dynamics of perceptual grouping: textures, boundaries, and emergent segmentations.","volume":"38","author":"S Grossberg","year":"1985","journal-title":"Percept Psychophys"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1992.0115","article-title":"Low-Level Aspects of Segmentation and Recognition [and Discussion].","volume":"337","author":"S Ullman","year":"1992","journal-title":"Philos T R Soc Lon B"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(97)00197-1","article-title":"Extraction of perceptually salient contours by striate cortical networks.","volume":"38","author":"SC Yen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"ref54","article-title":"Learning horizontal connections in a sparse coding model of natural images.","author":"PJ Garrigues","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1167\/10.4.10","article-title":"Region grouping in natural foliage images: Image statistics and human performance.","volume":"10","author":"AD Ing","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Vision"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1895","article-title":"Rapid learning in cortical coding of visual scenes.","volume":"10","author":"H Yao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2010.03.066","article-title":"Perceptual learning improves contrast sensitivity of V1 neurons in cats.","volume":"20","author":"T Hua","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"ref58","first-page":"28462856","article-title":"Global contour saliency and local colinear interactions.","volume":"88","author":"W Li","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2004.01.041","article-title":"Spike-timing-dependent synaptic plasticity can form \u201czero lag links\u201d for cortical oscillations.","volume":"58-60","author":"A Knoblauch","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(02)00017-2","article-title":"A multi-layer sparse coding network learns contour coding from natural images.","volume":"42","author":"PO Hoyer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1038\/78829","article-title":"Competitive hebbian learning through spike-timingdependent synaptic plasticity.","volume":"3","author":"S Song","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(00)01817-9","article-title":"A saliency map in primary visual cortex.","volume":"6","author":"Z Li","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00344251","article-title":"Neocognitron: A self-organizing neural network model for a mechanism of pattern recognition unaffected by shift in position.","volume":"36","author":"K Fukushima","year":"1980","journal-title":"Biol Cybern"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2007.05.019","article-title":"Brain states: Top-down influences in sensory processing.","volume":"54","author":"CD Gilbert","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7754386","article-title":"Photovoltage of rods and cones in the macaque retina.","volume":"268","author":"D Schneeweis","year":"1995","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(00)01520-5","article-title":"What's new in visual masking?","volume":"4","author":"JT Enns","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2004.383","article-title":"Learning generative visual models from few training examples: an incremental bayesian approach tested on 101 object categories.","author":"L Fei-Fei","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref68","article-title":"Gradient-based learning applied to document recognition.","volume":"volume 86","author":"Y LeCun","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1163\/156856897X00357","article-title":"The psychophysics toolbox.","volume":"10","author":"DH Brainard","year":"1997","journal-title":"Spat Vis"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/annotation\/35890214-d064-4b76-8bfc-5ac1ab07c8b8","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,25]],"date-time":"2011-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1319500800000}}],"container-title":["PLoS Computational Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1002162","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,17]],"date-time":"2019-06-17T00:32:23Z","timestamp":1560731543000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1002162"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Olaf","family":"Sporns","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,6]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1002162","relation":{},"ISSN":["1553-7358"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-7358","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,6]]}}}