{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T02:40:07Z","timestamp":1790736007510,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,17]],"date-time":"2013-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1358380800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ploscompbiol.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Comput Biol"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1002855","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,17]],"date-time":"2013-01-17T16:46:36Z","timestamp":1358441196000},"page":"e1002855","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":103,"title":["Identifying Transmission Cycles at the Human-Animal Interface: The Role of Animal Reservoirs in Maintaining Gambiense Human African Trypanosomiasis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Funk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Nishiura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans","family":"Heesterbeek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. John","family":"Edmunds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Checchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1177345","article-title":"Epidemic dynamics at the human-animal interface","volume":"326","author":"JO Lloyd-Smith","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref2","unstructured":"Mulligan HW, Potts WH (1970) The African trypanosomiases. Hoboken: Wiley. 950 pp."},{"key":"ref3","unstructured":"Hoare CA (1972) The trypanosomes of mammals. A zoological monograph. Oxford: Blackwell. 749 pp."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leak SGA (1999) Tsetse Biology and Ecology: Their Role in the Epidemiology and Control of Trypanosmosis. Wallingford: CABI. 448 pp.","DOI":"10.1079\/9780851993003.0000"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maudlin I, Holmes PH, Miles MA (2004) The Trypanosomiases. Wallingford: CABI.","DOI":"10.1079\/9780851994758.0000"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1179\/136485906X112211","article-title":"African trypanosomiasis","volume":"100","author":"I Maudlin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60829-1","article-title":"Human african trypanosomiasis","volume":"375","author":"R Brun","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e55","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0050055","article-title":"Eliminating human african trypanosomiasis: where do we stand and what comes next?","volume":"5","author":"PP Simarro","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000013718","article-title":"Trypanosoma gambiense in monkeys and ruminants; prolonged infection, immunity and superinfection","volume":"23","author":"HL Duke","year":"1931","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"728","article-title":"Observations on trypanosomiasis in the belgian congo","volume":"40","author":"LMJJ van Hoof","year":"1947","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"155","article-title":"Animal reservoir of trypanosoma (trypanozoon) brucei gambiense in central africa","volume":"69 Suppl 1","author":"P Kageruka","year":"1989","journal-title":"Ann Soc Belg Med Trop"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2005.04.003","article-title":"Wild fauna as a probable animal reservoir for Trypanosoma brucei gambiense in Cameroon","volume":"6","author":"F Njiokou","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2010171061","article-title":"Domestic animals as potential reservoir hosts of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense in sleeping sickness foci in Cameroon","volume":"17","author":"F Njiokou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"ref14","first-page":"113","article-title":"Epidemiological studies on the animal reservoir of gambiense sleeping sickness. part iii. characterization of trypanozoon stocks by isoenzymes and sensitivity to human serum","volume":"33","author":"D Mehlitz","year":"1982","journal-title":"Tropenmed Parasitol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2017","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)07096-9","article-title":"Identification of human-infective trypanosomes in animal reservoir of sleeping sickness in uganda by means of serum-resistance-associated (sra) gene","volume":"358","author":"SC Welburn","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qco.0000244045.93016.b1","article-title":"New developments in human african trypanosomiasis","volume":"19","author":"R Brun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2006.01624.x","article-title":"The elimination of trypanosoma brucei gambiense sleeping sickness in the focus of luba, bioko island, equatorial guinea","volume":"11","author":"PP Simarro","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e704","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000704","article-title":"Screening of trypanosoma brucei gambiense in domestic livestock and tsetse flies from an insular endemic focus (luba, equatorial guinea)","volume":"4","author":"C Cordon-Obras","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"16","article-title":"Aspects \u00e9pid\u00e9miologiques d&apos;un foyer de maladie du sommeil mal connu: le foyer de Bipindi au Camerou","volume":"33","author":"P Gr\u00e9baut","year":"2000","journal-title":"Bull Liais Doc OCEAC"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2009.10.008","article-title":"Tripartite interactions between tsetse flies, Sodalis glossinidius and trypanosomes \u2013 an epidemiological approach in two historical human African trypanosomiasis foci in Cameroon","volume":"10","author":"O Farikou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2007.09.005","article-title":"Tsetse fly host preference from sleeping sickness foci in Cameroon: epidemiological implications","volume":"8","author":"G Simo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2009.08.027","article-title":"Influence of habitat and seasonal variation on wild mammal diversity and distribution with special reference to the Trypanosoma brucei gambiense host-reservoir in Bipindi (Cameroon)","volume":"112","author":"JA Massussi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2009.0386","article-title":"The construction of next-generation matrices for compartmental epidemic models","volume":"7","author":"O Diekmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"J R Soc Interface"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.1996.tb00107.x","article-title":"Control strategies for sleeping sickness in Central Africa: a model-based approach","volume":"1","author":"M Artzrouni","year":"1996","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000066853","article-title":"A general model for the African trypanosomiases","volume":"97","author":"DJ Rogers","year":"1988","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182010001496","article-title":"A global sensitivity analysis for African sleeping sickness","volume":"138","author":"S Davis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2011.0654","article-title":"Predicting the effect of climate change on african trypanosomiasis: integrating epidemiology with parasite and vector biology","volume":"9","author":"S Moore","year":"2012","journal-title":"J R Soc Interface"},{"key":"ref28","first-page":"239","article-title":"A comparison of three methods for selecting values of input variables in the analysis of output from a computer code","volume":"21","author":"MD McKay","year":"1979","journal-title":"Technometrics"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e303","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000303","article-title":"The natural progression of gambiense sleeping sickness: what is the evidence?","volume":"2","author":"F Checchi","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000793","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000793","article-title":"Tsetse ep protein protects the fly midgut from trypanosome establishment","volume":"6","author":"LR Haines","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2005.01467.x","article-title":"Transmissibility of trypanosoma brucei during its development in cattle","volume":"10","author":"PV den Bossche","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2009.04.002","article-title":"How to find natural reservoir hosts from endemic prevalence in a multi-host population: A case study of influenza in waterfowl","volume":"1","author":"H Nishiura","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epidemics"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0812.010317","article-title":"Identifying reservoirs of infection: a conceptual and practical challenge","volume":"8","author":"DT Haydon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2340","DOI":"10.1021\/j100540a008","article-title":"Exact stochastic simulation of coupled chemical reactions","volume":"81","author":"DT Gillespie","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Phys Chem"},{"key":"ref35","unstructured":"Powell MJD (1970) A hybrid method for nonlinear equations. In: Rabinowitz P, editor, Numerical Methods for Nonlinear Algebraic Equations. Newark: Gordon and Breach."},{"key":"ref36","unstructured":"Galassi M, Davies J, Theiler J, Gough B, Jungman G, <etal>et al<\/etal>. (2009) GNU Scientific Library Reference Manual. 3rd edition. Bristol: Network Theory Ltd."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2004.01240.x","article-title":"The effectiveness of active population screening and treatment for sleeping sickness control in the democratic republic of congo","volume":"9","author":"J Robays","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1233","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001233","article-title":"Accuracy of five algorithms to diagnose gambiense human african trypanosomiasis","volume":"5","author":"F Checchi","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2006.0578","article-title":"Learning influences host choice in tsetse","volume":"3","author":"J Bouyer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol Lett"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e17284","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0017284","article-title":"Tracking the feeding patterns of tsetse flies (glossina genus) by analysis of bloodmeals using mitochondrial cytochromes genes","volume":"6","author":"CN Muturi","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref41","first-page":"377","article-title":"Recherche des facteurs de risque de la trypanosomose humaine africaine dans le foyer de bipindi au cameroun = study of risk factors for human african trypanosomosis in the bipindi region of cameroon","volume":"61","author":"P Grebaut","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med Trop"},{"key":"ref42","first-page":"384","article-title":"Historique de l&apos;installation et de la propagation de la maladie du sommeil \u00e0 bipindi (sud-cameroun), de 1896 \u00e0 nos jours","volume":"61","author":"W Sonn\u00e9","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med Trop"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1007\/s00285-011-0440-6","article-title":"Persistence in seasonally forced epidemiological models","volume":"64","author":"C Rebelo","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Math Biol"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2010.01.002","article-title":"Diversity and spatial distribution of vectors and hosts of t. brucei gambiense in forest zones of, southern cameroon: epidemiological implications","volume":"114","author":"JA Massussi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2004.4.230","article-title":"Spatial and temporal patterns of human african trypanosomosis (hat) transmission risk in the bipindi focus, in the forest zone of southern cameroon","volume":"4","author":"P Graut","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"}],"container-title":["PLoS Computational Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1002855","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]],"date-time":"2023-06-28T15:28:12Z","timestamp":1687966092000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1002855"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Mercedes","family":"Pascual","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,17]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,17]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1002855","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.717973050.793469833","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1553-7358"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-7358","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,17]]}}}