{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T14:02:18Z","timestamp":1770818538033,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,22]],"date-time":"2013-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1377129600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ploscompbiol.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Comput Biol"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1003179","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,22]],"date-time":"2013-08-22T21:11:42Z","timestamp":1377205902000},"page":"e1003179","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Stochasticity, Bistability and the Wisdom of Crowds: A Model for Associative Learning in Genetic Regulatory Networks"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Matan","family":"Sorek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nathalie Q.","family":"Balaban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yonatan","family":"Loewenstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"Pavlov IP (1927) Conditioned Reflexes. Anrep GV, translator. London: Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/416270a","article-title":"Neurobiology: ready to unlearn","volume":"416","author":"S Kitazawa","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn728","article-title":"Parallels between cerebellum- and amygdala-dependent conditioning","volume":"3","author":"JF Medina","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1103944","article-title":"Postsynaptic receptor trafficking underlying a form of associative learning","volume":"308","author":"S Rumpel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1071795","article-title":"Requirement for hippocampal CA3 NMDA receptors in associative memory recall","volume":"297","author":"K Nakazawa","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)81194-0","article-title":"Mathematical modeling of gene networks","volume":"26","author":"P Smolen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1080\/00107514.2011.588432","article-title":"Physical approaches to the dynamics of genetic circuits: a tutorial","volume":"52","author":"J Garcia-Ojalvo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Contemporary Physics"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alon U (2007) An Introduction to systems biology: design principles of biological circuits. Chapman &amp; Hall\/CRC","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420011432"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1038\/376307a0","article-title":"Protein molecules as computational elements in living cells","volume":"376","author":"D Bray","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5136","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0930314100","article-title":"On schemes of combinatorial transcription logic","volume":"100","author":"NE Buchler","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms1516","article-title":"Engineering modular and orthogonal genetic logic gates for robust digital-like synthetic biology","volume":"2","author":"B Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1038\/msb4100173","article-title":"Environmental signal integration by a modular AND gate","volume":"3","author":"JC Anderson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol Syst Biol"},{"key":"ref13","first-page":"341","article-title":"Recent insights into the general stress response regulatory network in Escherichia coli","volume":"4","author":"R Hengge-Aronis","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08112","article-title":"Adaptive prediction of environmental changes by microorganisms","volume":"460","author":"A Mitchell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1154456","article-title":"Predictive behavior within microbial genetic networks","volume":"320","author":"I Tagkopoulos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03209695","article-title":"Classical-Conditioning in Paramecia","volume":"7","author":"TM Hennessey","year":"1979","journal-title":"Animal Learning & Behavior"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.98.3.705-711","article-title":"Discrimination learning and extinction in paramecia (P. caudatum)","volume":"98","author":"HL Armus","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychol Rep"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/s11693-007-9006-8","article-title":"Designing sequential transcription logic: a simple genetic circuit for conditional memory","volume":"1","author":"G Fritz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Syst Synth Biol"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2008.0344","article-title":"Molecular circuits for associative learning in single-celled organisms","volume":"6","author":"CT Fernando","year":"2009","journal-title":"J R Soc Interface"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2007.07.004","article-title":"Associative learning in biochemical networks","volume":"249","author":"N Gandhi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Theor Biol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1007\/s12038-009-0081-8","article-title":"Epigenetic learning in non-neural organisms","volume":"34","author":"S Ginsburg","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Biosci"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1109","article-title":"Temporal integration by calcium dynamics in a model neuron","volume":"6","author":"Y Loewenstein","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1393","article-title":"Bistability of cerebellar Purkinje cells modulated by sensory stimulation","volume":"8","author":"Y Loewenstein","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-0674(02)00314-9","article-title":"Self-perpetuating states in signal transduction: positive feedback, double-negative feedback and bistability","volume":"14","author":"JE Ferrell Jr","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr Opin Cell Biol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-0509-3-90","article-title":"The smallest chemical reaction system with bistability","volume":"3","author":"T Wilhelm","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Syst Biol"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1038\/nn893","article-title":"Model for a robust neural integrator","volume":"5","author":"AA Koulakov","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1038\/35002131","article-title":"Construction of a genetic toggle switch in Escherichia coli","volume":"403","author":"TS Gardner","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2271","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1586107","article-title":"Rational design of memory in eukaryotic cells","volume":"21","author":"CM Ajo-Franklin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Genes Dev"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt980","article-title":"An engineered epigenetic transgene switch in mammalian cells","volume":"22","author":"BP Kramer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7714","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1332628100","article-title":"Prediction and measurement of an autoregulatory genetic module","volume":"100","author":"FJ Isaacs","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.43.7.553","article-title":"Enzyme Induction as an All-or-None Phenomenon","volume":"43","author":"A Novick","year":"1957","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2008.02.035","article-title":"Feedback regulation of opposing enzymes generates robust, all-or-none bistable responses","volume":"18","author":"JE Ferrell Jr","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02089","article-title":"A positive-feedback-based bistable \u2018memory module\u2019 that governs a cell fate decision","volume":"426","author":"W Xiong","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(01)00330-X","article-title":"Bistability in the JNK cascade","volume":"11","author":"CP Bagowski","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2075","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.040411297","article-title":"Noise-based switches and amplifiers for gene expression","volume":"97","author":"J Hasty","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2008.06.009","article-title":"Uncovering mechanisms of bistability in biological systems","volume":"19","author":"JR Pomerening","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Opin Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02298","article-title":"Multistability in the lactose utilization network of Escherichia coli","volume":"427","author":"EM Ozbudak","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1090\/qam\/1672171","article-title":"Stability Analysis for a mathematical model of the lac operon","volume":"57","author":"JM Mahaffy","year":"1999","journal-title":"Q Appl Math"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1689451","article-title":"Dynamics and bistability in a reduced model of the lac operon","volume":"14","author":"N Yildirim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chaos"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e309","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0040309","article-title":"Stochastic mRNA synthesis in mammalian cells","volume":"4","author":"A Raj","year":"2006","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.09.050","article-title":"Nature, nurture, or chance: stochastic gene expression and its consequences","volume":"135","author":"A Raj","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2005.09.031","article-title":"Real-time kinetics of gene activity in individual bacteria","volume":"123","author":"I Golding","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref43","unstructured":"Bialek W. (2000) Stability and Noise in Biochemical Switches. pp. 103\u2013109."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2068-12.2013","article-title":"Covariance-based synaptic plasticity in an attractor network model accounts for fast adaptation in free operant learning","volume":"33","author":"T Neiman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref45","unstructured":"Van Kampen NG (1992) Stochastic Processes in Physics and Chemistry. Amsterdam: North-Holland."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1016\/S1097-2765(02)00557-9","article-title":"Hog1 kinase converts the Sko1-Cyc8-Tup1 repressor complex into an activator that recruits SAGA and SWI\/SNF in response to osmotic stress","volume":"9","author":"M Proft","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"key":"ref47","first-page":"713","article-title":"Associative Memory in Neural Networks with Binary Synapses Modern Physics Letters B","volume":"4","author":"M Tsodyks","year":"1990"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1994.6.5.957","article-title":"Learning in Neural Networks with Material Synapses","volume":"6","author":"DJ Amit","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neural Comput"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1859","article-title":"Limits on the memory storage capacity of bounded synapses","volume":"10","author":"S Fusi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"ref50","article-title":"Post-transcriptional gene regulation by long noncoding RNA","author":"JH Yoon","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.biochem.74.082803.133136","article-title":"An abundance of RNA regulators","volume":"74","author":"G Storz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annu Rev Biochem"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200308060","article-title":"Signaling switches and bistability arising from multisite phosphorylation in protein kinase cascades","volume":"164","author":"NI Markevich","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2012.02.006","article-title":"Regulation of gene expression by the ubiquitin-proteasome system","volume":"23","author":"T Yao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Semin Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbiomolbio.2009.06.004","article-title":"Bistability by multiple phosphorylation of regulatory proteins","volume":"100","author":"O Kapuy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Progress in Biophysics & Molecular Biology"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio789","article-title":"Modular approaches to expanding the functions of living matter","volume":"2","author":"JW Chin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Chem Biol"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01257","article-title":"Engineered gene circuits","volume":"420","author":"J Hasty","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref57","unstructured":"Lionel N (2009) Introduction To Psychology. Juta and Company Ltd."},{"key":"ref58","unstructured":"Gallistel CR (1990) The organization of learning. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press."},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2012.03868.x","article-title":"Metagenomics and antibiotics","volume":"18 Suppl 4","author":"L Garmendia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(99)01589-9","article-title":"The mar regulon: multiple resistance to antibiotics and other toxic chemicals","volume":"7","author":"MN Alekshun","year":"1999","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1006\/jmbi.2001.5029","article-title":"MicF: an antisense RNA gene involved in response of Escherichia coli to global stress factors","volume":"313","author":"N Delihas","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2001.tb00583.x","article-title":"Quorum-sensing in Gram-negative bacteria","volume":"25","author":"NA Whitehead","year":"2001","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1126\/science.112.2920.715","article-title":"Description of the chemostat","volume":"112","author":"A Novick","year":"1950","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkp320","article-title":"Exposure of Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium to triclosan induces a species-specific response, including drug detoxification","volume":"64","author":"AM Bailey","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"}],"container-title":["PLoS Computational Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1003179","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,4]],"date-time":"2022-03-04T16:36:04Z","timestamp":1646411764000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1003179"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Gonzalo G.","family":"de Polavieja","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,22]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,22]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1003179","relation":{},"ISSN":["1553-7358"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-7358","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,22]]}}}