{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T03:58:10Z","timestamp":1775188690526,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,9]],"date-time":"2014-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1389225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ploscompbiol.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Comput Biol"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1003418","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,9]],"date-time":"2014-01-09T16:20:46Z","timestamp":1389284446000},"page":"e1003418","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["The Role of Thalamic Population Synchrony in the Emergence of Cortical Feature Selectivity"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Sean T.","family":"Kelly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jens","family":"Kremkow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianzhong","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yushi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jose-Manuel","family":"Alonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Garrett B.","family":"Stanley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1962.sp006837","article-title":"Receptive fields, binocular interaction and functional architecture in the cat's visual cortex","volume":"160","author":"DH Hubel","year":"1962","journal-title":"The Journal of physiology"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.23.1.441","article-title":"Neural mechanisms of orientation selectivity in the visual cortex","volume":"23","author":"D Ferster","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annual review of neuroscience"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5448","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.15-08-05448.1995","article-title":"An emergent model of orientation selectivity in cat visual cortical simple cells","volume":"15","author":"DC Somers","year":"1995","journal-title":"The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8087","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.110135097","article-title":"A neuronal network model of macaque primary visual cortex (V1): orientation selectivity and dynamics in the input layer 4Calpha","volume":"97","author":"D McLaughlin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01202.2003","article-title":"Haphazard wiring of simple receptive fields and orientation columns in visual cortex","volume":"92","author":"DL Ringach","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of neurophysiology"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1983.49.6.1303","article-title":"Cross-correlation analysis of geniculostriate neuronal relationships in cats","volume":"49","author":"K Tanaka","year":"1983","journal-title":"Journal of neurophysiology"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1038\/378281a0","article-title":"Specificity of monosynaptic connections from thalamus to visual cortex","volume":"378","author":"RC Reid","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4002","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-11-04002.2001","article-title":"Rules of connectivity between geniculate cells and simple cells in cat primary visual cortex","volume":"21","author":"JM Alonso","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1968","DOI":"10.1126\/science.290.5498.1968","article-title":"The Contribution of Noise to Contrast Invariance of Orientation Tuning in Cat Visual Cortex","volume":"290","author":"JS Anderson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06105","article-title":"Temporal precision in the neural code and the timescales of natural vision","volume":"449","author":"Da Butts","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e324","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0060324","article-title":"Timing precision in population coding of natural scenes in the early visual system","volume":"6","author":"G Desbordes","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS biology"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"151","article-title":"Modulation of temporal precision in thalamic population responses to natural visual stimuli","volume":"4","author":"G Desbordes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Frontiers in systems neuroscience"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1038\/383815a0","article-title":"Precisely correlated firing in cells of the lateral geniculate nucleus","volume":"383","author":"JM Alonso","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5461","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-14-05461.2000","article-title":"Synaptic interactions between thalamic inputs to simple cells in cat visual cortex","volume":"20","author":"WM Usrey","year":"2000","journal-title":"The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2462","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-07-02462.2001","article-title":"Coincidence detection or temporal integration? What the neurons in somatosensory cortex are doing","volume":"21","author":"Sa Roy","year":"2001","journal-title":"The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(02)01186-8","article-title":"Adaptive coincidence detection and dynamic gain control in visual cortical neurons in vivo","volume":"37","author":"R Azouz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02116","article-title":"Balanced inhibition underlies tuning and sharpens spike timing in auditory cortex","volume":"426","author":"M Wehr","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1545","article-title":"Dynamics of excitation and inhibition underlying stimulus selectivity in rat somatosensory cortex","volume":"8","author":"WB Wilent","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature neuroscience"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1622","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1124593","article-title":"Cortex is driven by weak but synchronously active thalamocortical synapses","volume":"312","author":"RM Bruno","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science (New York, NY)"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2647","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00900.2006","article-title":"Precision, reliability, and informationtheoretic analysis of visual thalamocortical neurons","volume":"98","author":"RD Kumbhani","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of neurophysiology"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3652","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5279-09.2010","article-title":"Cellular mechanisms of temporal sensitivity in visual cortex neurons","volume":"30","author":"JA Cardin","year":"2010","journal-title":"The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2670","article-title":"Thalamic synchrony and the adaptive gating of information ow to cortex","volume":"13","author":"Q Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature neuroscience"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9073","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4968-11.2012","article-title":"Visual orientation and directional selectivity through thalamic synchrony","volume":"32","author":"GB Stanley","year":"2012","journal-title":"The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2729","article-title":"Population receptive fields of ON and OFF thalamic inputs to an orientation column in visual cortex","volume":"14","author":"J Jin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature neuroscience"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-2312(02)00838-X","article-title":"A new correlationbased measure of spike timing reliability","volume":"52\u201354","author":"S Schreiber","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2007.02.029","article-title":"The emergence of contrast-invariant orientation tuning in simple cells of cat visual cortex","volume":"54","author":"IM Finn","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2004.12.024","article-title":"Direction selectivity of excitation and inhibition in simple cells of the cat primary visual cortex","volume":"45","author":"NJ Priebe","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2104","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-06-02104.2001","article-title":"Membrane potential and conductance changes underlying length tuning of cells in cat primary visual cortex","volume":"21","author":"JS Anderson","year":"2001","journal-title":"The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-01-00470.2000","article-title":"Membrane potential and firing rate in cat primary visual cortex","volume":"20","author":"M Carandini","year":"2000","journal-title":"The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00425.2001","article-title":"Neural Noise Can Explain Expansive, Power-Law Nonlinearities in Neural Response Functions","volume":"87","author":"K Miller","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of neurophysiology"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00239014","article-title":"An analysis of orientation selectivity in the cat's visual cortex","volume":"20","author":"D Rose","year":"1974","journal-title":"Experimental brain research Experimentelle Hirnforschung Exp\u00e9rimentation c\u00e9r\u00e9brale"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1990.63.6.1529","article-title":"Selectivity for orientation and direction of motion of single neurons in cat striate and extrastriate visual cortex","volume":"63","author":"MS Gizzi","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of neurophysiology"},{"key":"ref33","first-page":"414","article-title":"The dependence of response amplitude and variance of cat visual cortical neurones on stimulus contrast","volume":"41","author":"DJ Tolhurst","year":"1981","journal-title":"Experimental brain research"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1987.57.3.755","article-title":"Visual orientation and spatial frequency discrimination: a comparison of single neurons and behavior","volume":"57","author":"a Bradley","year":"1987","journal-title":"Journal of neurophysiology"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00275002","article-title":"The response variability of striate cortical neurons in the behaving monkey","volume":"77","author":"R Vogels","year":"1989","journal-title":"Experimental brain research"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2836","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1997.77.5.2836","article-title":"Response variability and timing precision of neuronal spike trains in vivo","volume":"77","author":"DS Reich","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of neurophysiology"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1997.0246","article-title":"Responses of neurons in primary and inferior temporal visual cortices to natural scenes","volume":"264","author":"R Baddeley","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proceedings Biological sciences\/The Royal Society"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2914","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.17-08-02914.1997","article-title":"Response variability of neurons in primary visual cortex (V1) of alert monkeys","volume":"17","author":"M Gur","year":"1997","journal-title":"The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)00072-6","article-title":"Low response variability in simultaneously recorded retinal, thalamic, and cortical neurons","volume":"27","author":"P Kara","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80477-8","article-title":"Efficient discrimination of temporal patterns by motion-sensitive neurons in primate visual cortex","volume":"20","author":"GT Buracas","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E264","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0020264","article-title":"Amplification of trial-to-trial response variability by neurons in visual cortex","volume":"2","author":"M Carandini","year":"2004","journal-title":"PLoS biology"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523800011627","article-title":"Visual cortex neurons in monkeys and cats: detection, discrimination, and identification","volume":"14","author":"WS Geisler","year":"1997","journal-title":"Visual neuroscience"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1183108","article-title":"Synchrony of thalamocortical inputs maximizes cortical reliability","volume":"328","author":"HP Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science (New York, NY)"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1038\/338334a0","article-title":"Oscillatory responses in cat visual cortex exhibit inter-columnar synchronization which reects global stimulus properties","volume":"338","author":"CM Gray","year":"1989","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00152.2007","article-title":"Effects of inhibitory gain and conductance uctuations in a simple model for contrast-invariant orientation tuning in cat V1","volume":"98","author":"SE Palmer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of neurophysiology"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(01)00570-0","article-title":"Opponent inhibition: a developmental model of layer 4 of the neocortical circuit","volume":"33","author":"AS Kayser","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1979.sp012893","article-title":"Spatial and temporal properties of X and Y cells in the cat lateral geniculate nucleus","volume":"293","author":"AM Derrington","year":"1979","journal-title":"The Journal of physiology"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1983.sp014619","article-title":"The responses of cells in macaque lateral geniculate nucleus to sinusoidal gratings","volume":"337","author":"TP Hicks","year":"1983","journal-title":"The Journal of physiology"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1990.64.1.206","article-title":"Spatial and temporal response properties of lagged and nonlagged cells in cat lateral geniculate nucleus","volume":"64","author":"AB Saul","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of neurophysiology"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1088\/0954-898X_13_4_302","article-title":"Threshold behaviour of the maximum likelihood method in population decoding","volume":"13","author":"X Xie","year":"2002","journal-title":"Network (Bristol, England)"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e92","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0040092","article-title":"Tuning curves, neuronal variability, and sensory coding","volume":"4","author":"DA Butts","year":"2006","journal-title":"PLoS biology"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1740","DOI":"10.1162\/NECO_a_00292","article-title":"Fisher and Shannon information in finite neural populations","volume":"24","author":"S Yarrow","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neural computation"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00363954","article-title":"A theory for the use of visual orientation information which exploits the columnar structure of striate cortex","volume":"58","author":"MA Paradiso","year":"1988","journal-title":"Biological cybernetics"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10749","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.22.10749","article-title":"Simple models for reading neuronal population codes","volume":"90","author":"HS Seung","year":"1993","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1162\/089976699300016827","article-title":"The effect of correlated variability on the accuracy of a population code","volume":"11","author":"LF Abbott","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neural computation"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1162\/089976699300016818","article-title":"Narrow Versus Wide Tuning Curves: What's Best for a Population Code?","volume":"11","author":"A Pouget","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neural Computation"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1162\/089976699300016809","article-title":"Neuronal Tuning: To Sharpen or Broaden?","volume":"11","author":"K Zhang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neural Computation"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3371","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00078.2010","article-title":"The episodic nature of spike trains in the early visual pathway","volume":"104","author":"DA Butts","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of neurophysiology"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3330","article-title":"Reading and writing the neural code","volume":"16","author":"GB Stanley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature neuroscience"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3537","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00847.2004","article-title":"Receptive field size and response latency are correlated within the cat visual thalamus","volume":"93","author":"C Weng","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of neurophysiology"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901430107","article-title":"The projection of the visual field to the lateral geniculate and medial interlaminar nuclei in the cat","volume":"143","author":"KJ Sanderson","year":"1971","journal-title":"The Journal of comparative neurology"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gerstner W, Kistler WM (2002) Spiking Neuron Models: Single Neurons, Populations, Plasticity. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 496 pp.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511815706"}],"container-title":["PLoS Computational Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1003418","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,6]],"date-time":"2019-08-06T03:01:28Z","timestamp":1565060488000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1003418"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Lyle J.","family":"Graham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,9]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,9]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1003418","relation":{},"ISSN":["1553-7358"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-7358","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,9]]}}}