{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T05:38:10Z","timestamp":1775281090045,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,3]],"date-time":"2014-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1396483200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ploscompbiol.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Comput Biol"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1003541","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,3]],"date-time":"2014-04-03T20:28:50Z","timestamp":1396556930000},"page":"e1003541","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Leadership in Moving Human Groups"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Margarete","family":"Boos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Pritz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Lange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Belz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sumpter DJT (2010) Collective Animal Behavior. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 312 p.","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400837106"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2011","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2000.1243","article-title":"Fish shoal composition: mechanisms and constraints","volume":"267","author":"J Krause","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sci"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2005.05.008","article-title":"Consensus decision making in animals","volume":"20","author":"L Conradt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Ecol Evol"},{"issue":"1518","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2008.0257","article-title":"Conflicts of interest and the evolution of decision sharing","volume":"364","author":"L Conradt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phil Trans R Soc B"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3454(03)01001-5","article-title":"Self-organization and collective behavior in vertebrates","volume":"32","author":"ID Couzin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Adv Stud Behav"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18720","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1107583108","article-title":"Inferring the structure and dynamics of interactions in schooling fish","volume":"108","author":"Y Katz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"016110","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.85.016110","article-title":"Least-effort trajectories lead to emergent crowd behaviors","volume":"85","author":"SJ Guy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys Rev E"},{"key":"ref8","unstructured":"Camazine S, Deneubourg JL, Franks NR, Sneyd J, Theraulaz G, <etal>et al<\/etal>.. (2003) Self-Organization in Biological Systems. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 560 p."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2011.09.017","article-title":"A rule-of-thumb based on social affiliation explains collective movements in desert baboons","volume":"82","author":"AJ King","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anim Behav"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1007\/s10764-011-9542-7","article-title":"Communication and cognition in primate group movement","volume":"32","author":"J Fischer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Primatol"},{"issue":"1518","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2008.0233","article-title":"Leadership, consensus decision making and collective behaviour in humans","volume":"364","author":"JRG Dyer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phil Trans R Soc B"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1068\/b2697","article-title":"Self-organizing pedestrian movement","volume":"28","author":"D Helbing","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ Plann B Plann Des"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2008.10.002","article-title":"Collective cognition in animal groups","volume":"13","author":"ID Couzin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2008.0276","article-title":"Group decisions in humans and animals: a survey","volume":"364","author":"L Conradt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phil Trans R Soc B"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s12064-008-0040-1","article-title":"Information transfer in moving animal groups","volume":"127","author":"D Sumpter","year":"2008","journal-title":"Theory Biosci"},{"issue":"17","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6884","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1016507108","article-title":"How simple rules determine pedestrian behavior and crowd disasters","volume":"108","author":"M Moussa\u00efd","year":"2011","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"issue":"1668","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2755","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2009.0405","article-title":"Experimental study of the behavioural mechanisms underlying self-organization in human crowds","volume":"276","author":"M Moussa\u00efd","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc R Soc B"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03236","article-title":"Effective leadership and decision-making in animal groups on the move","volume":"433","author":"ID Couzin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.2331\/suisan.48.1081","article-title":"A simulation study on the schooling mechanism in fish","volume":"48","author":"I Aoki","year":"1982","journal-title":"Bull Jap Soc Sci Fish"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1145\/37402.37406","article-title":"Flocks, herds and schools: a distributed behavioral model","volume":"21","author":"CW Reynolds","year":"1987","journal-title":"Comput Graph"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fichtel C, Pyritz WL, Kappeler PM (2011) Coordination of group movements in non-human primates. In: Boos M, Kolbe M, Kappeler PM, Ellwart T, editors. Coordination in Human and Primate Groups. Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 37\u201356.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-15355-6_3"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2007.05.010","article-title":"Consensus decision making in human crowds","volume":"75","author":"JRG Dyer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anim Behav"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2009.12.039","article-title":"Leadership and social information use in human crowds","volume":"79","author":"JJ Faria","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anim Behav"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.4161\/cib.7562","article-title":"Leaders, followers and group decision-making","volume":"2","author":"AJ King","year":"2009","journal-title":"Commun Integr Biol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1086\/596532","article-title":"\u201cLeading according to need\u201d in self-organizing groups","volume":"173","author":"L Conradt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am Nat"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2148-8-51","article-title":"The emergence of leaders and followers in foraging pairs when the qualities of individuals differ","volume":"8","author":"SA Rands","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Evol Biol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1995","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2007.12.012","article-title":"To follow or not to follow: decision making and leadership during the morning departure in chacma baboons","volume":"75","author":"S Stueckle","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anim Behav"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2009.11.006","article-title":"Moving together: incidental leaders and na\u00efve followers","volume":"83","author":"MH Pillot","year":"2010","journal-title":"Behav Processes"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moscovici S. (1980). Toward a theory of conversion behavior. In: Berkowitz L, editor: Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 13). New York: Academic Press. pp. 209\u2013239.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2601(08)60133-1"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1026\/0012-1924.51.4.195","article-title":"Kurzversion des Big Five Inventory (BFI-K) [Short version of the big five inventory (BFI-K)]","volume":"51","author":"B Rammstedt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diagnostica"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.37.10.1673","article-title":"Negative and positive components of psychological masculinity and femininity and their relationships to self-reports of neurotic and acting out behaviors","volume":"37","author":"JT Spence","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1024\/1010-0652\/a000002","article-title":"Eine revidierte Fassung des Inventars zur Computerbildung (INCOBI-R)","volume":"24","author":"T Richter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr P\u00e4dagogische Psychologie"},{"key":"ref33","first-page":"318","article-title":"On bootstrapping the likelihood ratio test statistic for the number of components in a normal mixture","volume":"36","author":"GJ McLachlan","year":"1987","journal-title":"J R Stat Soc Ser C Appl Stat"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01294","article-title":"Group decision-making in animals","volume":"421","author":"L Conradt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Childs M (2011) Identity: a primer. In: Peachey A, Childs M, editors. Reinventing Ourselves: Contemporary Concepts of Identity in Virtual Worlds. London: Springer. pp. 13\u201332.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-85729-361-9_2"},{"key":"ref36","unstructured":"Knudsen AC (2004) Presence production. Doctoral thesis. Stockholm: Royal Institute of Technology."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1525\/eth.1999.27.3.315","article-title":"The corporeal body in virtual reality","volume":"27","author":"CD Murray","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ethos"},{"key":"ref38","first-page":"12","article-title":"The cyborg&apos;s dilemma: Embodiment in virtual environments","volume":"3","author":"F Biocca","year":"1997","journal-title":"JCMC"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2006.1995","article-title":"Social brains, simple minds: does social complexity really require cognitive complexity?","volume":"362","author":"L Barrett","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phil Trans R Soc B"},{"key":"ref40","unstructured":"Wheeler B, Searcy WA, Christiansen MH, Corballis MC, Fischer J, <etal>et al<\/etal>.. (2011). Communication. In: Menzel R, Fischer J, editors. Animal Thinking: Contemporary Issues in Comparative Cognition. Cambridge: MIT. pp. 187\u2013205."},{"issue":"4","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10047","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0010047","article-title":"The Walking Behaviour of Pedestrian Social Groups and Its Impact on Crowd Dynamics","volume":"5","author":"M Moussa\u00efd","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2005.02.019","article-title":"Simple heuristics and rules of thumb: where psychologists and behavioural biologists might meet","volume":"69","author":"JMC Hutchinson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Behav Processes"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1210280","article-title":"Uninformed individuals promote democratic consensus in animal groups","volume":"332","author":"ID Couzin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002915","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1002915","article-title":"Collective States, Multistability and Transitional Behavior in Schooling Fish","volume":"9","author":"K Tunstr\u00f8m","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsp.2420010202","article-title":"Social categorization and intergroup behavior","volume":"1","author":"H Tajfel","year":"1971","journal-title":"EJSP"}],"container-title":["PLoS Computational Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1003541","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,23]],"date-time":"2018-10-23T04:51:24Z","timestamp":1540270284000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1003541"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Laurence T.","family":"Maloney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,3]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1003541","relation":{},"ISSN":["1553-7358"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-7358","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,3]]}}}