{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T08:03:54Z","timestamp":1769069034537,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,13]],"date-time":"2014-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1415836800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ploscompbiol.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Comput Biol"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1003892","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,13]],"date-time":"2014-11-13T21:46:16Z","timestamp":1415915176000},"page":"e1003892","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":147,"title":["Global Disease Monitoring and Forecasting with Wikipedia"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Generous","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Geoffrey","family":"Fairchild","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Alina","family":"Deshpande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sara Y.","family":"Del Valle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Reid","family":"Priedhorsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68770-9","article-title":"Global and regional burden of disease and risk factors, 2001: Systematic analysis of population health data","volume":"367","author":"AD Lopez","year":"2006","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"ref2","article-title":"Estimates of deaths associated with seasonal influenza \u2014 United States, 1976\u20132007","author":"M Thompson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 59"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2007.03.046","article-title":"The annual impact of seasonal influenza in the US: Measuring disease burden and costs","volume":"25","author":"NAM Molinari","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref4","article-title":"Biosurveillance: A review and update","author":"NE Kman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Advances in Preventive Medicine 2012"},{"key":"ref5","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2012). Overview of influenza surveillance in the United States. URL http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/flu\/pdf\/weekly\/overview.pdf<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-140-11-200406010-00013","article-title":"Systematic review: Surveillance systems for early detection of bioterrorism-related diseases","volume":"140","author":"DM Bravata","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annals of Internal Medicine"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2006.02.005","article-title":"Categorization, prioritization, and surveillance of potential bioterrorism agents","volume":"20","author":"SM Borchardt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infectious Disease Clinics of North America"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i89","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00022319","article-title":"The bioterrorism preparedness and response early aberration reporting system (EARS)","volume":"80","author":"L Hutwagner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Urban Health"},{"key":"ref9","unstructured":"Wikipedia editors (2013). Wikipedia. URL http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Wikipedia&oldid=587396222<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref10","unstructured":"Alexa Internet, Inc (2013). Alexa top 500 global sites. URL http:\/\/www.alexa.com\/topsites<\/ext-link>. Accessed December 23, 2013."},{"key":"ref11","unstructured":"Wikimedia Foundation (2013). Page views for Wikipedia, all platforms, normalized. URL http:\/\/stats.wikimedia.org\/EN\/TablesPageViewsMonthlyCombined.htm<\/ext-link>. Accessed December 23, 2013."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1038\/438900a","article-title":"Internet encyclopaedias go head to head","volume":"438","author":"J Giles","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref13","unstructured":"Ahn BG, Van Durme B, Callison-Burch C (2011) WikiTopics: What is popular on Wikipedia and why. In: Proc. Workshop on Automatic Summarization for Different Genres, Media, and Languages (WASDGML). Association for Computational Linguistics, p. 33\u201340. URL http:\/\/dl.acm.org\/citation.cfm?id=2018987.2018992<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ciglan M, N\u00f8rv\u00e5g K (2010) WikiPop: Personalized event detection system based on Wikipedia page view statistics. In: Proc. Information and Knowledge Management (CIKM). ACM, p. 1931\u20131932. doi:10.1145\/1871437.1871769.","DOI":"10.1145\/1871437.1871769"},{"key":"ref15","unstructured":"Holaker MR, Emanuelsen E (2013) Event Detection using Wikipedia. Master's thesis, Institutt for datateknikk og informasjonsvitenskap. URL http:\/\/www.diva-portal.org\/smash\/record.jsf?pid=diva2<\/ext-link>: 655606."},{"key":"ref16","unstructured":"Osborne M, Petrovic S, McCreadie R, Macdonald C, Ounis I (2012) Bieber no more: First story detection using Twitter and Wikipedia. In: Proc. SIGIR Workshop on Time-aware Information Access (TAIA). ACM. URL http:\/\/www.dcs.gla.ac.uk\/~craigm\/publications\/osborneTAIA2012.pdf<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Althoff T, Borth D, Hees J, Dengel A (2013) Analysis and forecasting of trending topics in online media streams. In: Proc. Multimedia. ACM, p. 907\u2013916. doi:10.1145\/2502081.2502117.","DOI":"10.1145\/2502081.2502117"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Priedhorsky R, Chen J, Lam SK, Panciera K, Terveen L, et al. (2007) Creating, destroying, and restoring value in Wikipedia. In: Proc. Supporting Group Work (GROUP). ACM. doi: 10.1145\/1316624.1316663.","DOI":"10.1145\/1316624.1316663"},{"key":"ref19","unstructured":"Thij Mt, Volkovich Y, Laniado D, Kaltenbrunner A (2012) Modeling page-view dynamics on Wikipedia. arXiv:12125943 [physics]."},{"key":"ref20","unstructured":"Tran KN, Christen P (2013) Cross language prediction of vandalism on Wikipedia using article views and revisions. In: Pei J, Tseng VS, Cao L, Motoda H, Xu G, editors, Advances in Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, Springer. pp. 268\u2013279. URL http:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-3-642-37456-2_23<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref21","unstructured":"Burdziej J, Gawrysiak P (2012) Using Web mining for discovering spatial patterns and hot spots for spatial generalization. In: Chen L, Felfernig A, Liu J, Ra\u015b ZW, editors, Foundations of Intelligent Systems, Springer. pp. 172\u2013181. URL http:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-3-642-34624-8_21<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref22","unstructured":"Tinati R, Tiropanis T, Carr L (2013) An approach for using Wikipedia to measure the flow of trends across countries. In: Proc. World Wide Web (WWW) Companion. ACM, p. 1373\u20131378. URL http:\/\/dl.acm.org\/citation.cfm?id=2487788.2488177<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yasseri T, Bright J (2013) Can electoral popularity be predicted using socially generated big data? arXiv:13122818 [physics].","DOI":"10.1515\/itit-2014-1046"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e71226","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0071226","article-title":"Early prediction of movie box office success based on Wikipedia activity big data","volume":"8","author":"M Mesty\u00e1n","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"ref25","article-title":"Quantifying Wikipedia usage patterns before stock market moves","author":"HS Moat","year":"2013","journal-title":"Scientific Reports 3"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1136\/jamia.2010.004507","article-title":"Wikipedia and osteosarcoma: A trustworthy patients' information?","volume":"17","author":"A Leithner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1200\/JOP.2010.000209","article-title":"Patient-oriented cancer information on the internet: A comparison of Wikipedia and a professionally maintained database","volume":"7","author":"MS Rajagopalan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Oncology Practice"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1038","DOI":"10.3928\/01477447-20130724-20","article-title":"Quality of information on the internet about carpal tunnel syndrome: An update","volume":"36","author":"K Lutsky","year":"2013","journal-title":"Orthopedics"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.3163\/1536-5050.99.4.010","article-title":"Accuracy and completeness of drug information in Wikipedia: An assessment","volume":"99","author":"N Kupferberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of the Medical Library Association"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1111\/sdi.12059","article-title":"An evaluation of Wikipedia as a resource for patient education in nephrology","volume":"26","author":"GR Thomas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Seminars in Dialysis"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1080\/10410236.2011.571759","article-title":"Public anxiety and information seeking following the H1N1 outbreak: Blogs, newspaper articles, and Wikipedia visits","volume":"27","author":"Y Tausczik","year":"2012","journal-title":"Health Communication"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1197\/jamia.M3059","article-title":"Seeking health information online: Does Wikipedia matter?","volume":"16","author":"MR Laurent","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association"},{"key":"ref33","article-title":"Engaging patients through social media","author":"M Aitken","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tech report, IMS Institute for Healthcare Informatics"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1003581","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1003581","article-title":"Wikipedia usage estimates prevalence of influenza-like illness in the United States in near real-time","volume":"10","author":"DJ McIver","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLOS Computational Biology"},{"key":"ref35","unstructured":"Mniszewski SM, Valle SYD, Priedhorsky R, Hyman JM, Hickman KS (2014) Understanding the impact of face mask usage through epidemic simulation of large social networks. In: Dabbaghian V, Mago VK, editors, Theories and Simulations of Complex Social Systems, Springer. pp. 97\u2013115. URL http:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-3-642-39149-1_8<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref36","article-title":"Detecting influenza epidemics using search engine query data","author":"J Ginsberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature 457"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2005.07.032","article-title":"Influences, usage, and outcomes of internet health information searching: Multivariate results from the Pew surveys","volume":"75","author":"RE Rice","year":"2006","journal-title":"International Journal of Medical Informatics"},{"key":"ref38","unstructured":"Fox S (2006) Online health search 2006. Technical report, Pew Research Center. URL http:\/\/www.pewinternet.org\/Reports\/2006\/Online-Health-Search-2006.aspx<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2940","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btn534","article-title":"BioCaster: Detecting public health rumors with a Web-based text mining system","volume":"24","author":"N Collier","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2012.2228264","article-title":"Monitoring epidemic alert levels by analyzing internet search volume","volume":"60","author":"X Zhou","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering"},{"key":"ref41","unstructured":"Ritterman J, Osborne M, Klein E (2009) Using prediction markets and Twitter to predict a swine flu pandemic. In: Proc. 1st International Workshop on Mining Social Media. URL http:\/\/homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk\/miles\/papers\/swine09.pdf<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2837","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms3837","article-title":"Real-time influenza forecasts during the 2012\u20132013 season","volume":"4","author":"J Shaman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1003256","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1003256","article-title":"Reassessing Google Flu Trends data for detection of seasonal and pandemic influenza: A comparative epidemiological study at three geographic scales","volume":"9","author":"DR Olson","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLOS Computational Biology"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1197\/jamia.M2544","article-title":"HealthMap: Global infectious disease monitoring through automated classification and visualization of internet media reports","volume":"15","author":"CC Freifeld","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e133","DOI":"10.5210\/ojphi.v5i1.4456","article-title":"Flu Near You: An online self-reported influenza surveillance system in the USA","volume":"5","author":"R Chunara","year":"2013","journal-title":"Online Journal of Public Health Informatics"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-11-43","article-title":"Online reporting for malaria surveillance using micro-monetary incentives, in urban India 2010\u20132011","volume":"11","author":"R Chunara","year":"2012","journal-title":"Malaria Journal"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2013.01.012","article-title":"Seasonality in seeking mental health information on Google","volume":"44","author":"JW Ayers","year":"2013","journal-title":"American Journal of Preventive Medicine"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.4081\/gh.2010.195","article-title":"The utility of \u201cGoogle Trends\u201d for epidemiological research: Lyme disease as an example","volume":"4","author":"A Seifter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geospatial Health"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e48666","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0048666","article-title":"Head lice surveillance on a deregulated OTC-sales market: A study using Web query data","volume":"7","author":"J Lindh","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1258","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001258","article-title":"Prediction of dengue incidence using search query surveillance","volume":"5","author":"BM Althouse","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2011.01.010","article-title":"Use of Google Insights for Search to track seasonal and geographic kidney stone incidence in the United States","volume":"78","author":"BN Breyer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1086\/630200","article-title":"Google Trends: A Web-based tool for real-time surveillance of disease outbreaks","volume":"49","author":"HA Carneiro","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1206","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001206","article-title":"Using Web search query data to monitor dengue epidemics: A new model for neglected tropical disease surveillance","volume":"5","author":"EH Chan","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e81422","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0081422","article-title":"Correlation between national influenza surveillance data and Google Trends in South Korea","volume":"8","author":"S Cho","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"ref55","article-title":"Cancer internet search activity on a major search engine, United States 2001\u20132003","author":"CP Cooper","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Internet Research 7"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e75","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis579","article-title":"Norovirus disease surveillance using Google internet query share data","volume":"55","author":"R Desai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e56176","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0056176","article-title":"Influenza forecasting with Google Flu Trends","volume":"8","author":"AF Dugas","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.3201\/eid\/1706.101451","article-title":"Internet queries and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus surveillance","volume":"17","author":"VM Dukic","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerging Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"ref59","first-page":"244","article-title":"Infodemiology: Tracking flu-related searches on the Web for syndromic surveillance","volume":"2006","author":"G Eysenbach","year":"2006","journal-title":"AMIA Annual Symposium"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-011-0212-8","article-title":"Internet suicide searches and the incidence of suicide in young people in Japan","volume":"262","author":"A Hagihara","year":"2012","journal-title":"European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1608.100093","article-title":"Eye-opening approach to norovirus surveillance","volume":"16","author":"A Hulth","year":"2010","journal-title":"Emerging Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4378","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004378","article-title":"Web queries as a source for syndromic surveillance","volume":"4","author":"A Hulth","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"ref63","article-title":"Web query-based surveillance in Sweden during the influenza A(H1N1)2009 pandemic, April 2009 to February 2010","author":"A Hulth","year":"2011","journal-title":"Euro Surveillance 16"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jia-xing B, Ben-fu L, Geng P, Na L (2013) Gonorrhea incidence forecasting research based on Baidu search data. In: Proc. Management Science and Engineering (ICMSE). IEEE, pp. 36\u201342. doi:10.1109\/ICMSE.2013.6586259.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMSE.2013.6586259"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e55205","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0055205","article-title":"Using Google Trends for influenza surveillance in South China","volume":"8","author":"M Kang","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-12-390","article-title":"Using search queries for malaria surveillance, Thailand","volume":"12","author":"AJ Ocampo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Malaria Journal"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1508.090299","article-title":"More diseases tracked by using Google Trends","volume":"15","author":"C Pelat","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emerging Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1086\/593098","article-title":"Using internet searches for influenza surveillance","volume":"47","author":"PM Polgreen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"ref69","first-page":"E19","article-title":"Determination of geographic variance in stroke prevalence using internet search engine analytics","volume":"115","author":"BP Walcott","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.1090215","article-title":"Early detection of disease outbreaks using the internet","volume":"180","author":"K Wilson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Canadian Medical Association Journal"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu W, Han ZW, Ma J (2010) A neural netwok [sic] based approach to detect influenza epidemics using search engine query data. In: Proc. Machine Learning and Cybernetics (ICMLC). IEEE, pp. 1408\u20131412. doi:10.1109\/ICMLC.2010.5580851.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMLC.2010.5580851"},{"key":"ref72","unstructured":"Xu D, Liu Y, Zhang M, Ma S, Cui A, et al. (2011) Predicting epidemic tendency through search behavior analysis. In: Proc. International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI). AAAI, p. 2361\u20132366. doi:10.5591\/978-1-57735-516-8\/IJCAI11-393."},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.01.019","article-title":"Association of internet search trends with suicide death in Taipei City, Taiwan, 2004\u20132009","volume":"132","author":"AC Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e64323","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0064323","article-title":"Monitoring influenza epidemics in China with search query from Baidu","volume":"8","author":"Q Yuan","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e256","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.2936","article-title":"Internet search patterns of human immunodeficiency virus and the digital divide in the Russian Federation: Infoveillance study","volume":"15","author":"A Zheluk","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Internet Research"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.C0910371","article-title":"Notifiable infectious disease surveillance with data collected by search engine","volume":"11","author":"Xc Zhou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Zhejiang University SCIENCE C"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Achrekar H, Gandhe A, Lazarus R, Yu SH, Liu B (2011) Predicting flu trends using Twitter data. In: Proc. Computer Communications Workshops (INFOCOM WKSHPS). IEEE, pp. 702\u2013707. doi:10.1109\/INFCOMW.2011.5928903.","DOI":"10.1109\/INFCOMW.2011.5928903"},{"key":"ref78","unstructured":"Achrekar H, Gandhe A, Lazarus R, Yu SH, Liu B (2012) Twitter improves seasonal influenza prediction. In: Proc. Health Informatics (HEALTHINF). p. 61\u201370. URL http:\/\/www.cs.uml.edu\/~bliu\/pub\/healthinf_2012.pdf<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref79","unstructured":"Aramaki E, Maskawa S, Morita M (2011) Twitter catches the flu: Detecting influenza epidemics using Twitter. In: Proc. Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP). Association for Computational Linguistics, p. 1568\u20131576. URL http:\/\/dl.acm.org\/citation.cfm?id=2145432.2145600<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e83672","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0083672","article-title":"National and local influenza surveillance through Twitter: An analysis of the 2012\u20132013 influenza epidemic","volume":"8","author":"DA Broniatowski","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.11-0597","article-title":"Social and news media enable estimation of epidemiological patterns early in the 2010 Haitian cholera outbreak","volume":"86","author":"R Chunara","year":"2012","journal-title":"American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s10579-012-9185-0","article-title":"Lightweight methods to estimate influenza rates and alcohol sales volume from Twitter messages","volume":"47","author":"A Culotta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Language Resources and Evaluation"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doan S, Ohno-Machado L, Collier N (2012) Enhancing Twitter data analysis with simple semantic filtering: Example in tracking influenza-like illnesses. In: Proc. Healthcare Informatics, Imaging and Systems Biology (HISB). IEEE, pp. 62\u201371. doi:10.1109\/HISB.2012.21.","DOI":"10.1109\/HISB.2012.21"},{"key":"ref84","unstructured":"Gomide J, Veloso A, Meira Jr W, Almeida V, Benevenuto F, et al. (2011) Dengue surveillance based on a computational model of spatio-temporal locality of Twitter. In: Proc. Web Science Conference (WebSci). ACM, p. 1\u20138. URL http:\/\/www.websci11.org\/fileadmin\/websci\/Papers\/92_paper.pdf<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hirose H, Wang L (2012) Prediction of infectious disease spread using Twitter: A case of influenza. In: Proc. Parallel Architectures, Algorithms and Programming (PAAP). IEEE, pp. 100\u2013105. doi:10.1109\/PAAP.2012.23.","DOI":"10.1109\/PAAP.2012.23"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e69305","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0069305","article-title":"Use of Hangeul Twitter to track and predict human influenza infection","volume":"8","author":"EK Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"ref87","unstructured":"Lamb A, Paul MJ, Dredze M (2013) Separating fact from fear: Tracking flu infections on Twitter. In: Proc. Human Language Technologies (NAACL-HLT). North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, p. 789\u2013795. URL http:\/\/www.aclweb.org\/anthology\/N\/N13\/N13-1097.pdf<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref88","first-page":"22","article-title":"Nowcasting events from the social Web with statistical learning","volume":"1\u201372","author":"V Lampos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology 3: 72"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lampos V, Cristianini N (2010) Tracking the flu pandemic by monitoring the social Web. In: Proc. Cognitive Information Processing (CIP). IEEE, pp. 411\u2013416. doi:10.1109\/CIP.2010.5604088.","DOI":"10.1109\/CIP.2010.5604088"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e237","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.2705","article-title":"The complex relationship of realspace events and messages in cyberspace: Case study of influenza and pertussis using Tweets","volume":"15","author":"AC Nagel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Internet Research"},{"key":"ref91","unstructured":"Paul MJ, Dredze M (2011) You are what you Tweet: Analyzing Twitter for public health. In: Proc. Weblogs and Social Media (ICWSM). AAAI."},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e19467","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0019467","article-title":"The use of Twitter to track levels of disease activity and public concern in the U.S. during the influenza A H1N1 pandemic","volume":"6","author":"A Signorini","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"ref93","first-page":"1202","article-title":"Analysis of Web access logs for surveillance of influenza","volume":"107","author":"HA Johnson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Studies in Health Technology and Informatics"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1038\/494155a","article-title":"When Google got flu wrong","volume":"494","author":"D Butler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref95","first-page":"993","article-title":"Latent Dirichlet allocation","volume":"3","author":"DM Blei","year":"2003","journal-title":"Machine Learning Research"},{"key":"ref96","unstructured":"Zachte E (2012). readme.txt. URL http:\/\/dumps.wikimedia.org\/other\/pagecounts-ez\/projectcounts\/readme.txt<\/ext-link>. Accessed December 24, 2013."},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1145\/1327452.1327492","article-title":"MapReduce: Simplified data processing on large clusters","volume":"51","author":"J Dean","year":"2008","journal-title":"Communications of the ACM (CACM)"},{"key":"ref98","unstructured":"Wikipedia editors (2014). Wikipedia:Moving a page. URL http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Moving_a_page&oldid=602263434<\/ext-link>. Section \u201cMoving over a redirect\u201d."},{"key":"ref99","unstructured":"Minist\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9 Publique et de la Population. Centere de documentation. URL http:\/\/mspp.gouv.ht\/newsite\/documentation.php<\/ext-link>. Accessed January 23, 2014."},{"key":"ref100","unstructured":"Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade. Portal da sa\u00fade. URL http:\/\/portalsaude.saude.gov.br\/portalsaude\/index.cfm\/?portal=pagina.visualizarArea&codArea=347<\/ext-link>. Accessed September 26, 2013."},{"key":"ref101","unstructured":"Bureau of Epidemiology. Weekly epidemiological surveillance report, Thailand. URL http:\/\/www.boe-wesr.net\/<\/ext-link>. Accessed March 25, 2014."},{"key":"ref102","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2011). Ebola in Uganda. URL http:\/\/www.who.int\/csr\/don\/2011_05_18\/en\/<\/ext-link>. Accessed March 25, 2014."},{"key":"ref103","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2012). Ebola outbreak in Democratic Republic of Congo \u2013 Update. URL http:\/\/www.who.int\/csr\/don\/2012_10_26\/en\/<\/ext-link>. Accessed March 25, 2014."},{"key":"ref104","unstructured":"Minist\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9 Publique, R\u00e9publique D\u00e9mocratique du Congo (2012). Fi\u00e8vre h\u00e9morragique \u00e0 virus Ebola dans le district de haut uele. URL http:\/\/www.minisanterdc.cd\/new\/index.php\/accueil\/78-secgerale\/92-fievre-hemorragique-a-virus-ebola-dans-le-district-de-haut-uele<\/ext-link>. Accessed March 25, 2014."},{"key":"ref105","unstructured":"Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Notifiable infectious diseases statistic data. URL http:\/\/www.chinacdc.cn\/tjsj\/fdcrbbg\/<\/ext-link>. Accessed September 23, 2014."},{"key":"ref106","unstructured":"National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan. Infectious diseases weekly report. URL http:\/\/www.nih.go.jp\/niid\/en\/idwr-e.html<\/ext-link>. Accessed January 24, 2013."},{"key":"ref107","unstructured":"National Institute of Public Health. Influenza in Poland. URL http:\/\/www.pzh.gov.pl\/oldpage\/epimeld\/grypa\/aindex.htm<\/ext-link>. Accessed September 24, 2013."},{"key":"ref108","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). FluView. URL http:\/\/gis.cdc.gov\/grasp\/fluview\/fluportaldashboard.html<\/ext-link>. Accessed March 25, 2014."},{"key":"ref109","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Morbidity and mortality weekly report (MMWR) tables. URL http:\/\/wonder.cdc.gov\/mmwr\/mmwrmorb.asp<\/ext-link>. Accessed March 25, 2014."},{"key":"ref110","unstructured":"Meldingssystem for Smittsomme Sykdommer. MSIS statistikk. URL http:\/\/www.msis.no\/<\/ext-link>. Accessed January 28, 2014."}],"container-title":["PLoS Computational Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1003892","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,18]],"date-time":"2023-07-18T03:41:16Z","timestamp":1689651676000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1003892"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Marcel","family":"Salath\u00e9","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,13]]},"references-count":110,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,13]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1003892","relation":{},"ISSN":["1553-7358"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-7358","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,13]]}}}