{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T03:22:00Z","timestamp":1780975320724,"version":"3.54.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1006667","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,24]],"date-time":"2019-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1571875200000}}],"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,14]],"date-time":"2019-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1571011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010665","name":"H2020 Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Actions","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["659227"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["659227"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-NS108410"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-NS108410"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-MH104494"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-MH104494"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ploscompbiol.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Comput Biol"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1006667","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,14]],"date-time":"2019-10-14T13:28:06Z","timestamp":1571059686000},"page":"e1006667","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Categorical encoding of decision variables in orbitofrontal cortex"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7387-5535","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Arno","family":"Onken","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jue","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Panzeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camillo","family":"Padoa-Schioppa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1006667.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.1997.9.2.222","article-title":"Spatial transformations in the parietal cortex using basis functions","volume":"9","author":"A Pouget","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"pcbi.1006667.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2202-5-47","article-title":"Context-dependent selection of visuomotor maps","volume":"5","author":"E. Salinas","year":"2004","journal-title":"BMC neuroscience"},{"issue":"12","key":"pcbi.1006667.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1784","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3865","article-title":"A category-free neural population supports evolving demands during decision-making","volume":"17","author":"D Raposo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1006667.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2956","article-title":"Cross-species studies of orbitofrontal cortex and value-based decision-making","volume":"15","author":"JD Wallis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"pcbi.1006667.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.09.031","article-title":"Orbitofrontal cortex: A neural circuit for economic decisions","volume":"96","author":"C Padoa-Schioppa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"7451","key":"pcbi.1006667.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12160","article-title":"The importance of mixed selectivity in complex cognitive tasks","volume":"497","author":"M Rigotti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7474","key":"pcbi.1006667.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12742","article-title":"Context-dependent computation by recurrent dynamics in prefrontal cortex","volume":"503","author":"V Mante","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"5","key":"pcbi.1006667.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.01.008","article-title":"Contributions of orbitofrontal and lateral prefrontal cortices to economic choice and the good-to-action transformation","volume":"81","author":"X Cai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"6","key":"pcbi.1006667.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1004967","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1004967","article-title":"Reservoir computing properties of neural dynamics in prefrontal cortex","volume":"12","author":"P Enel","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"issue":"12","key":"pcbi.1006667.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-017-0003-2","article-title":"Mixed selectivity morphs population codes in prefrontal cortex","volume":"20","author":"A Parthasarathy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"pcbi.1006667.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2016.01.010","article-title":"Why neurons mix: high dimensionality for higher cognition","volume":"37","author":"S Fusi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pcbi.1006667.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.09.013","article-title":"Neuronal origins of choice variability in economic decisions","volume":"80","author":"C. Padoa-Schioppa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"7090","key":"pcbi.1006667.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04676","article-title":"Neurons in orbitofrontal cortex encode economic value","volume":"441","author":"C Padoa-Schioppa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pcbi.1006667.ref014","article-title":"Categorical representations of decision-variables in orbitofrontal cortex","author":"J Hirokawa","year":"2017","journal-title":"BioRxiv"},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1006667.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00808.2017","article-title":"Robust mixture modeling reveals category-free selectivity in reward region neuronal ensembles","volume":"119","author":"TC Blanchard","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pcbi.1006667.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3017","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying cortical activity during value-guided choice","volume":"15","author":"LT Hunt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"pcbi.1006667.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00184.2015","article-title":"A neuro-computational model of economic decisions","volume":"114","author":"A Rustichini","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1006667.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1037\/a0026435","article-title":"Goal-directed decision making as probabilistic inference: a computational framework and potential neural correlates","volume":"119","author":"A Solway","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"issue":"5","key":"pcbi.1006667.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2854-15.2016","article-title":"Goal-directed decision making with spiking neurons","volume":"36","author":"J Friedrich","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"pcbi.1006667.ref020","article-title":"Reward-based training of recurrent neural networks for cognitive and value-based tasks.","author":"HF Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"Elife"},{"issue":"48","key":"pcbi.1006667.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16046","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2851-14.2014","article-title":"Dynamic divisive normalization predicts time-varying value coding in decision-related circuits","volume":"34","author":"K Louie","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"6","key":"pcbi.1006667.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2012.05.007","article-title":"Making decisions through a distributed consensus","volume":"22","author":"P. Cisek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiol"},{"issue":"44","key":"pcbi.1006667.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18120","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1109322108","article-title":"Transformation of stimulus value signals into motor commands during simple choice","volume":"108","author":"TA Hare","year":"2011","journal-title":"P Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"pcbi.1006667.ref024","article-title":"Efficient online spherical k-means clustering","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neural Networks"},{"issue":"6","key":"pcbi.1006667.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4300","article-title":"Neuronal remapping and circuit persistence in economic decisions","volume":"19","author":"J Xie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"pcbi.1006667.ref026","first-page":"2837","article-title":"Information theoretic measures for clusterings comparison: Variants, properties, normalization and correction for chance","volume":"11","author":"NX Vinh","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Mach Learn Res"},{"key":"pcbi.1006667.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sculley D. Web-scale k-means clustering. Proceedings of the 19th international conference on World wide web; Raleigh, North Carolina, USA. 1772862: ACM; 2010. p. 1177\u20138.","DOI":"10.1145\/1772690.1772862"},{"key":"pcbi.1006667.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dhillon IS, Guan Y, Kogan J. Iterative clustering of high dimensional text data augmented by local search. 2002 IEEE International Conference on Data Mining, 2002 Proceedings. 2002:131\u20138. doi: 10.1109\/ICDM.2002.1183895","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDM.2002.1183895"},{"key":"pcbi.1006667.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1963.10500845","article-title":"Hierarchical grouping to optimize an objective function","volume":"58","author":"JH Ward","year":"1963","journal-title":"J Am Stat Assoc"},{"key":"pcbi.1006667.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/0-387-25465-X_15","volume-title":"Data mining and knowledge discovery handbook","author":"L Rokach","year":"2005"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1006667.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1145\/235968.233324","article-title":"BIRCH: An efficient data clustering method for very large databases","volume":"25","author":"T Zhang","year":"1996","journal-title":"SIGMOD Rec"},{"key":"pcbi.1006667.ref032","first-page":"313","article-title":"Multiclass spectral clustering. Proceedings of the Ninth IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision\u2014Volume 2. 946658","author":"SX Yu","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Computer Society"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1006667.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-0427(87)90125-7","article-title":"Silhouettes: A graphical aid to the interpretation and validation of cluster analysis","volume":"20","author":"P. Rousseeuw","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Comput Appl Math"},{"key":"pcbi.1006667.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01908075","article-title":"Comparing partitions","volume":"2","author":"L Hubert","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Classif"},{"key":"pcbi.1006667.ref035","unstructured":"Rosenberg A, Hirschberg J. V-measure: A conditional entropy-based external cluster evaluation measure. Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning (EMNLP-CoNLL). 2007:410\u201320."},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1006667.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1038\/nn2020","article-title":"The representation of economic value in the orbitofrontal cortex is invariant for changes of menu","volume":"11","author":"C Padoa-Schioppa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"pcbi.1006667.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.12.050","article-title":"Orbitofrontal cortex uses distinct codes for different choice attributes in decisions motivated by curiosity","volume":"85","author":"TC Blanchard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"6840","key":"pcbi.1006667.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1038\/35082081","article-title":"Single neurons in prefrontal cortex encode abstract rules","volume":"411","author":"JD Wallis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pcbi.1006667.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-061010-113648","article-title":"Neurobiology of economic choice: a good-based model","volume":"34","author":"C. Padoa-Schioppa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1006667.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.07.024","article-title":"Abstract context representations in primate amygdala and prefrontal cortex","volume":"87","author":"A Saez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"35","key":"pcbi.1006667.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11583","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1235-14.2014","article-title":"Integration of multiple determinants in the neuronal computation of economic values","volume":"34","author":"AP Raghuraman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1006667.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2010.09.031","article-title":"Coding of reward risk by orbitofrontal neurons is mostly distinct from coding of reward value","volume":"68","author":"M O'Neill","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1006667.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2010.11.041","article-title":"Heterogeneous coding of temporally discounted values in the dorsal and ventral striatum during intertemporal choice","volume":"69","author":"X Cai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"16","key":"pcbi.1006667.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5498","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5742-09.2010","article-title":"Separating value from choice: delay discounting activity in the lateral intraparietal area","volume":"30","author":"K Louie","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"pcbi.1006667.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x","article-title":"A mathematical theory of communication","volume":"27","author":"CE Shannon","year":"1948","journal-title":"Bell Sys Tech J"},{"issue":"3","key":"pcbi.1006667.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2578","article-title":"Extracting information from neuronal populations: information theory and decoding approaches","volume":"10","author":"R Quian Quiroga","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"pcbi.1006667.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1176345462","article-title":"The Jackknife estimate of variance","volume":"9","author":"B Efron","year":"1981","journal-title":"Ann Stat"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1006667","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,24]],"date-time":"2019-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1571875200000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Computational Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1006667","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,9]],"date-time":"2020-05-09T11:40:24Z","timestamp":1589024424000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1006667"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Francesco P.","family":"Battaglia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,14]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,14]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1006667","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/479519","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1553-7358"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-7358","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,14]]}}}