{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T08:07:59Z","timestamp":1779350879364,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]],"date-time":"2021-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632355200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000055","name":"National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DC018446"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DC018446"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000055","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000055","name":"national institute on deafness and other communication disorders","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DC008358"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DC008358"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000055","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000055","name":"National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DC018055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DC018055"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000055","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000006","name":"office of naval research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["MURI N00014-13-1-0205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MURI N00014-13-1-0205"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000006","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01GM134363"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01GM134363"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000169","name":"Division of Behavioral and Cognitive Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BCS-1736028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BCS-1736028"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000169","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Kavli Institute for the Brain and Mind","award":["IRG #2016-004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IRG #2016-004"]}]},{"name":"Pew Latin American Fellowship in the Biomedical Sciences"},{"name":"Hal\u0131c\u0131o\u011flu Data Science Institute Fellowship"},{"name":"University of California\u2014Historically Black Colleges and Universities Initiative"},{"name":"national science foundation","award":["DGE-1650112"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DGE-1650112"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ploscompbiol.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Comput Biol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neuronal activity within the premotor region HVC is tightly synchronized to, and crucial for, the articulate production of learned song in birds. Characterizations of this neural activity detail patterns of sequential bursting in small, carefully identified subsets of neurons in the HVC population. The dynamics of HVC are well described by these characterizations, but have not been verified beyond this scale of measurement. There is a rich history of using local field potentials (LFP) to extract information about behavior that extends beyond the contribution of individual cells. These signals have the advantage of being stable over longer periods of time, and they have been used to study and decode human speech and other complex motor behaviors. Here we characterize LFP signals presumptively from the HVC of freely behaving male zebra finches during song production to determine if population activity may yield similar insights into the mechanisms underlying complex motor-vocal behavior. Following an initial observation that structured changes in the LFP were distinct to all vocalizations during song, we show that it is possible to extract time-varying features from multiple frequency bands to decode the identity of specific vocalization elements (syllables) and to predict their temporal onsets within the motif. This demonstrates the utility of LFP for studying vocal behavior in songbirds. Surprisingly, the time frequency structure of HVC LFP is qualitatively similar to well-established oscillations found in both human and non-human mammalian motor areas. This physiological similarity, despite distinct anatomical structures, may give insight into common computational principles for learning and\/or generating complex motor-vocal behaviors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1008100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]],"date-time":"2021-09-23T18:51:02Z","timestamp":1632423062000},"page":"e1008100","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Local field potentials in a pre-motor region predict learned vocal sequences"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7600-4786","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Daril E.","family":"Brown","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2135-7191","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jairo I.","family":"Chavez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7110-1840","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Derek H.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9682-8344","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Adam","family":"Kadwory","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bradley","family":"Voytek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7125-4919","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ezequiel M.","family":"Arneodo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4516-9841","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Timothy Q.","family":"Gentner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vikash","family":"Gilja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"pcbi.1008100.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1298.009","article-title":"Peripheral Motor Dynamics of Song Production in the Zebra Finch","volume":"1016","author":"F Goller","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"pcbi.1008100.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aax0287","article-title":"Evolution of vocal learning and spoken language","volume":"366","author":"ED Jarvis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"pcbi.1008100.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1038\/325053a0","article-title":"Vocal tract resonances in oscine bird sound production: evidence from birdsongs in a helium atmosphere","volume":"325","author":"S. Nowicki","year":"1987","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pcbi.1008100.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2010.09.015","article-title":"Cortical Preparatory Activity: Representation of Movement or First Cog in a Dynamical Machine?","volume":"68","author":"MM Churchland","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"pcbi.1008100.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.109.4.444","article-title":"Human Movement Initiation: Specification of Arm, Direction, and Extent.","volume":"109","author":"David A. Rosenbaum","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Gen"},{"key":"pcbi.1008100.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1298.022","article-title":"Neural Mechanisms of Vocal Sequence Generation in the Songbird","volume":"1016","author":"MS Fee","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"pcbi.1008100.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(05)80046-7","article-title":"Organization of voluntary movement","volume":"1","author":"C Ghez","year":"1991","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiol"},{"key":"pcbi.1008100.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4271","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00952.2006","article-title":"Singing-Related Activity of Identified HVC Neurons in the Zebra Finch","volume":"97","author":"AA Kozhevnikov","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"pcbi.1008100.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e43732","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.43732","article-title":"Transitioning between preparatory and precisely sequenced neuronal activity in production of a skilled behavior.","volume":"8","author":"VK Daliparthi","year":"2019","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"pcbi.1008100.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5925","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3003-17.2018","article-title":"Pre-Bout Neural Activity Changes in Premotor Nucleus HVC Correlate with Successful Initiation of Learned Song Sequence","volume":"38","author":"R. Rajan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"pcbi.1008100.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11911","article-title":"Functional organization of human sensorimotor cortex for speech articulation","volume":"495","author":"KE Bouchard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pcbi.1008100.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bouchard KE, Chang EF. Neural decoding of spoken vowels from human sensory-motor cortex with high-density electrocorticography. 2014 36th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Chicago, IL: IEEE; 2014. pp. 6782\u20136785. doi: 10.1109\/EMBC.2014.6945185","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2014.6945185"},{"key":"pcbi.1008100.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00422","article-title":"Decoding Inner Speech Using Electrocorticography: Progress and Challenges Toward a Speech Prosthesis.","volume":"12","author":"S Martin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"pcbi.1008100.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-018-00692-2","article-title":"The Potential for a Speech Brain\u2013Computer Interface Using Chronic Electrocorticography.","volume":"16","author":"Q Rabbani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"pcbi.1008100.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1174481","article-title":"Sequential Processing of Lexical, Grammatical, and Phonological Information Within Broca\u2019s Area","volume":"326","author":"NT Sahin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"pcbi.1008100.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3130","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00307.2006","article-title":"Preparatory Activity in Premotor and Motor Cortex Reflects the Speed of the Upcoming Reach","volume":"96","author":"MM Churchland","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"pcbi.1008100.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1976.39.5.1062","article-title":"Anticipatory activity of motor cortex neurons in relation to direction of an intended movement","volume":"39","author":"J Tanji","year":"1976","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"pcbi.1008100.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2017.10.023","article-title":"Neural mechanisms of movement planning: motor cortex and beyond","volume":"49","author":"K Svoboda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiol"},{"key":"pcbi.1008100.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.07.010","article-title":"A Cortical Substrate for Memory-Guided Orienting in the Rat","volume":"72","author":"JC Erlich","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"pcbi.1008100.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.10.020","article-title":"Flow of Cortical Activity Underlying a Tactile Decision in Mice","volume":"81","author":"ZV Guo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"pcbi.1008100.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14178","article-title":"A motor cortex circuit for motor planning and movement","volume":"519","author":"N Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pcbi.1008100.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3636","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11605-y","article-title":"Parallels in the sequential organization of birdsong and human speech.","volume":"10","author":"T Sainburg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"key":"pcbi.1008100.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"036019","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ab0c59","article-title":"Speech synthesis from ECoG using densely connected 3D convolutional neural networks","volume":"16","author":"M Angrick","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neural Eng"},{"key":"pcbi.1008100.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1119-1","article-title":"Speech synthesis from neural decoding of spoken sentences","volume":"568","author":"GK Anumanchipalli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pcbi.1008100.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e46015","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.46015","article-title":"Neural ensemble dynamics in dorsal motor cortex during speech in people with paralysis.","volume":"8","author":"SD Stavisky","year":"2019","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"pcbi.1008100.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2016.00429","article-title":"Automatic Speech Recognition from Neural Signals: A Focused Review.","volume":"10","author":"C Herff","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Neurosci."},{"key":"pcbi.1008100.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3953","article-title":"Clinical translation of a high-performance neural prosthesis","volume":"21","author":"V Gilja","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"pcbi.1008100.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1752","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3265","article-title":"A high-performance neural prosthesis enabled by control algorithm design","volume":"15","author":"V Gilja","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"pcbi.1008100.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06996","article-title":"Cortical control of a prosthetic arm for self-feeding","volume":"453","author":"M Velliste","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pcbi.1008100.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61816-9","article-title":"High-performance neuroprosthetic control by an individual with tetraplegia","volume":"381","author":"JL Collinger","year":"2013","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"pcbi.1008100.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1038\/416141a","article-title":"Instant neural control of a movement signal","volume":"416","author":"Mijail D. Serruya","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pcbi.1008100.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04970","article-title":"Neuronal ensemble control of prosthetic devices by a human with tetraplegia","volume":"442","author":"LR Hochberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pcbi.1008100.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1038\/417351a","article-title":"What songbirds teach us about learning","volume":"417","author":"MS Brainard","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pcbi.1008100.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e164","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0030164","article-title":"The Neural Basis of Birdsong","volume":"3","author":"F. Nottebohm","year":"2005","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"pcbi.1008100.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15741","article-title":"Growth and splitting of neural sequences in songbird vocal development","volume":"528","author":"TS Okubo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pcbi.1008100.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.21014","article-title":"Early experience shapes vocal neural coding and perception in songbirds.","volume":"54","author":"SMN Woolley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dev Psychobiol"},{"key":"pcbi.1008100.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4405","article-title":"Unstable neurons underlie a stable learned behavior","volume":"19","author":"WA Liberti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"pcbi.1008100.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e38173","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0038173","article-title":"The Song Must Go On: Resilience of the Songbird Vocal Motor Pathway.","volume":"7","author":"B Poole","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"pcbi.1008100.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002158","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1002158","article-title":"Mesoscopic Patterns of Neural Activity Support Songbird Cortical Sequences. Ashe J, editor","volume":"13","author":"JE Markowitz","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLOS Biol"},{"key":"pcbi.1008100.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2016.02.016","article-title":"Population-Level Representation of a Temporal Sequence Underlying Song Production in the Zebra Finch","volume":"90","author":"MA Picardo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"pcbi.1008100.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3931","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00003.2003","article-title":"Pattern of Interhemispheric Synchronization in HVc During Singing Correlates With Key Transitions in the Song Pattern","volume":"90","author":"MF Schmidt","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"pcbi.1008100.ref042","unstructured":"Bottjer SW, Johnson F. Circuits, hormones, and learning: Vocal behavior in songbirds.: 17."},{"key":"pcbi.1008100.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6700","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.19-15-06700.1999","article-title":"A GABAergic, Strongly Inhibitory Projection to a Thalamic Nucleus in the Zebra Finch Song System","volume":"19","author":"M Luo","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"pcbi.1008100.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901650405","article-title":"Central control of song in the canary,Serinus canarius","volume":"165","author":"F Nottebohm","year":"1976","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"pcbi.1008100.ref045","unstructured":"Vates GE, Vicario DS, Nottebohm F. Reafferent thalamo-\u201ccortical\u201d loops in the song system of oscine songbirds.: 16."},{"key":"pcbi.1008100.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.22.1.567","article-title":"BIRDSONG AND HUMAN SPEECH: Common Themes and Mechanisms","volume":"22","author":"AJ Doupe","year":"1999","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"pcbi.1008100.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256846","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1256846","article-title":"Convergent transcriptional specializations in the brains of humans and song-learning birds","volume":"346","author":"AR Pfenning","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"pcbi.1008100.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4346-14.2015","article-title":"Interplay of Inhibition and Excitation Shapes a Premotor Neural Sequence","volume":"35","author":"G Kosche","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"pcbi.1008100.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3036-04.2005","article-title":"Ensemble Coding of Vocal Control in Birdsong","volume":"25","author":"A. Leonardo","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"pcbi.1008100.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3241","article-title":"The origin of extracellular fields and currents\u2014EEG, ECoG, LFP and spikes.","volume":"13","author":"G Buzs\u00e1ki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"pcbi.1008100.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e42","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0000042","article-title":"Learning to Control a Brain\u2013Machine Interface for Reaching and Grasping by Primates","volume":"1","author":"JM Carmena","year":"2003","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"pcbi.1008100.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1126\/science.163.3870.955","article-title":"Operant Conditioning of Cortical Unit Activity","volume":"163","author":"EE Fetz","year":"1969","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"pcbi.1008100.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"066001","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/6\/6\/066001","article-title":"Decoding flexion of individual fingers using electrocorticographic signals in humans","volume":"6","author":"J Kub\u00e1nek","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neural Eng"},{"key":"pcbi.1008100.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2424","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3886-06.2007","article-title":"Spectral Changes in Cortical Surface Potentials during Motor Movement","volume":"27","author":"KJ Miller","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"pcbi.1008100.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1871","DOI":"10.1126\/science.273.5283.1871","article-title":"Temporal Hierarchical Control of Singing in Birds","volume":"273","author":"AC Yu","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"pcbi.1008100.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1038\/nature00974","article-title":"An ultra-sparse code underliesthe generation of neural sequences in a songbird","volume":"419","author":"RHR Hahnloser","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pcbi.1008100.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1926","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1099745","article-title":"Neuronal Oscillations in Cortical Networks.","volume":"304","author":"G Buzsaki","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"pcbi.1008100.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00035.2008","article-title":"Neurophysiological and Computational Principles of Cortical Rhythms in Cognition","volume":"90","author":"X-J Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"pcbi.1008100.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.10.017","article-title":"EEG and MEG: Relevance to Neuroscience","volume":"80","author":"F. Lopes da Silva","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"pcbi.1008100.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2017.11.001","article-title":"Regularities in zebra finch song beyond the repeated motif.","volume":"163","author":"J Hyland Bruno","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behav Processes"},{"key":"pcbi.1008100.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3132","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5506-08.2009","article-title":"Decoupling the Cortical Power Spectrum Reveals Real-Time Representation of Individual Finger Movements in Humans","volume":"29","author":"KJ Miller","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"pcbi.1008100.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.05.045","article-title":"High gamma frequency oscillatory activity dissociates attention from intention in the human premotor cortex.","volume":"28","author":"A Brovelli","year":"2005","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"pcbi.1008100.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1626","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1128115","article-title":"High Gamma Power Is Phase-Locked to Theta Oscillations in Human Neocortex","volume":"313","author":"RT Canolty","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"pcbi.1008100.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(03)00067-1","article-title":"Spatiotemporal patterns of beta desynchronization and gamma synchronization in corticographic data during self-paced movement.","volume":"114","author":"G Pfurtscheller","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"pcbi.1008100.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195301069.001.0001","volume-title":"Rhythms of the Brain.","author":"G. Buzs\u00e1ki","year":"2006"},{"key":"pcbi.1008100.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"<o>Jiang W, Pailla T, Dichter B, Chang EF, Gilja V. Decoding speech using the timing of neural signal modulation. 2016 38th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC). Orlando, FL, USA: IEEE; 2016. pp. 1532\u20131535. doi: 10.1109\/EMBC.2016.7591002","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2016.7591002"},{"key":"pcbi.1008100.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13936","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.6809-10.2011","article-title":"Short Bouts of Vocalization Induce Long-Lasting Fast Gamma Oscillations in a Sensorimotor Nucleus","volume":"31","author":"BC Lewandowski","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"pcbi.1008100.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002655","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1002655","article-title":"Human Motor Cortical Activity Is Selectively Phase-Entrained on Underlying Rhythms.","volume":"8","author":"KJ Miller","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol."},{"key":"pcbi.1008100.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2007.08.012","article-title":"Electrical Signals Propagate Unbiased in Cortex","volume":"55","author":"V Gilja","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"pcbi.1008100.ref070","unstructured":"G. Makin J, Edward F. Chang, A. Moses D. Machine translation of cortical activity to text with an encoder-decoder framework.: 22."},{"key":"pcbi.1008100.ref071","unstructured":"Ezequiel Arneodo. Software and hardware designs for chronic, high channel count electrophysiology. Biocircuits Institute; 2016. Available: https:\/\/github.com\/singingfinch\/bernardo.git"},{"issue":"21","key":"pcbi.1008100.ref072","first-page":"00733","article-title":"Neurally driven synthesis of learned, complex vocalizations","author":"EM Arneodo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"pcbi.1008100.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2013.00267","article-title":"MEG and EEG data analysis with MNE-Python","volume":"7","author":"A. Gramfort","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Neurosci."},{"key":"pcbi.1008100.ref074","author":"Paul Boersma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Praat: doing phonetics by computer"},{"key":"pcbi.1008100.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1679","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.90989.2008","article-title":"Using a Common Average Reference to Improve Cortical Neuron Recordings From Microelectrode Arrays","volume":"101","author":"KA Ludwig","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"pcbi.1008100.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2003.10.009","article-title":"EEGLAB: an open source toolbox for analysis of single-trial EEG dynamics including independent component analysis","volume":"134","author":"A Delorme","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"key":"pcbi.1008100.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v031.i10","article-title":"CircStat: A MATLAB Toolbox for Circular Statistics.","volume":"31","author":"P. Berens","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Stat Softw."},{"key":"pcbi.1008100.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511564345","volume-title":"Statistical Analysis of Circular Data","author":"NI Fisher","year":"1993","edition":"1"},{"key":"pcbi.1008100.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1142\/4031","volume-title":"Topics in circular statistics","author":"SR Jammalamadaka","year":"2001"},{"key":"pcbi.1008100.ref080","volume-title":"Biostatistical analysis","author":"JH Zar","year":"2010","edition":"5"},{"issue":"6","key":"pcbi.1008100.ref081","article-title":"Scikit-learn: Machine Learning in Python.","author":"F Pedregosa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mach Learn PYTHON."}],"container-title":["PLOS Computational Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1008100","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]],"date-time":"2021-09-23T18:52:41Z","timestamp":1632423161000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1008100"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric E.","family":"Theunissen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1008100","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2020.06.30.179861","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1553-7358"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-7358","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]]}}}