{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T00:15:32Z","timestamp":1785888932833,"version":"3.56.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1008377","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,4]],"date-time":"2021-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612396800000}}],"reference-count":97,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,25]],"date-time":"2021-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611532800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["308129\/2017-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["308129\/2017-2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["307354\/2017-2 and 425746\/2018-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["307354\/2017-2 and 425746\/2018-6"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007375","name":"Pr\u00f3-Reitoria de Pesquisa - Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007375","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Tiny Blue Dot Foundation"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K24-NS088568"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K24-NS088568"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-2NS062092"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-2NS062092"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ploscompbiol.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Comput Biol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The extraction of electrophysiological features that reliably forecast the occurrence of seizures is one of the most challenging goals in epilepsy research. Among possible approaches to tackle this problem is the use of active probing paradigms in which responses to stimuli are used to detect underlying system changes leading up to seizures. This work evaluates the theoretical and mechanistic underpinnings of this strategy using two coupled populations of the well-studied Wendling neural mass model. Different model settings are evaluated, shifting parameters (excitability, slow inhibition, or inter-population coupling gains) from normal towards ictal states while probing stimuli are applied every 2 seconds to the input of either one or both populations. The correlation between the extracted features and the ictogenic parameter shifting indicates if the impending transition to the ictal state may be identified in advance. Results show that not only can the response to the probing stimuli forecast seizures but this is true regardless of the altered ictogenic parameter. That is, similar feature changes are highlighted by probing stimuli responses in advance of the seizure including: increased response variance and lag-1 autocorrelation, decreased skewness, and increased mutual information between the outputs of both model subsets. These changes were mostly restricted to the stimulated population, showing a local effect of this perturbational approach. The transition latencies from normal activity to sustained discharges of spikes were not affected, suggesting that stimuli had no pro-ictal effects. However, stimuli were found to elicit interictal-like spikes just before the transition to the ictal state. Furthermore, the observed feature changes highlighted by probing the neuronal populations may reflect the phenomenon of critical slowing down, where increased recovery times from perturbations may signal the loss of a systems\u2019 resilience and are common hallmarks of an impending critical transition. These results provide more evidence that active probing approaches highlight information about underlying system changes involved in ictogenesis and may be able to play a role in assisting seizure forecasting methods which can be incorporated into early-warning systems that ultimately enable closing the loop for targeted seizure-controlling interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1008377","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,25]],"date-time":"2021-01-25T13:54:24Z","timestamp":1611582864000},"page":"e1008377","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Active probing to highlight approaching transitions to ictal states in coupled neural mass models"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1821-1634","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Vin\u00edcius Rezende","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00e1rcio Fl\u00e1vio Dutra","family":"Moraes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4557-6391","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sydney S.","family":"Cash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3267-3862","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eduardo Mazoni Andrade Mar\u00e7al","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"pcbi.1008377.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1535-7511.2008.00236.x","article-title":"Current Review in Clinical Science\u2014Seizure Prediction.","volume":"8","author":"JC Sackellares","year":"2008","journal-title":"Epilepsy Curr."},{"key":"pcbi.1008377.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(02)00003-0","article-title":"Prediction of epileptic seizures.","volume":"1","author":"B Litt","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"pcbi.1008377.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2007.12.019","article-title":"The global burden and stigma of epilepsy.","volume":"12","author":"HM de Boer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"key":"pcbi.1008377.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70075-9","article-title":"Prediction of seizure likelihood with a long-term, implanted seizure advisory system in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy: A first-in-man study","volume":"12","author":"MJ Cook","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"pcbi.1008377.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1097\/WNP.0000000000000139","article-title":"Future of seizure prediction and intervention: Closing the loop.","volume":"32","author":"V Nagaraj","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"pcbi.1008377.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl241","article-title":"Seizure prediction: the long and winding road","volume":"130","author":"F Mormann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"pcbi.1008377.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2009.12.023","article-title":"Stimulation-based anticipation and control of state transitions in the epileptic brain","volume":"17","author":"SN Kalitzin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav. 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