{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T19:37:26Z","timestamp":1768419446903,"version":"3.49.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1008548","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,17]],"date-time":"2021-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613520000000}}],"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,4]],"date-time":"2021-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EY007023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EY007023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EY028219"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EY028219"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Center for Computational Brain Research (CCBR, IIT Madras) N.R. Narayanamurthy Chair endowment"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ploscompbiol.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Comput Biol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The visual cortex of the mouse brain can be divided into ten or more areas that each contain complete or partial retinotopic maps of the contralateral visual field. It is generally assumed that these areas represent discrete processing regions. In contrast to the conventional input-output characterizations of neuronal responses to standard visual stimuli, here we asked whether six of the core visual areas have responses that are functionally distinct from each other for a given visual stimulus set, by applying machine learning techniques to distinguish the areas based on their activity patterns. Visual areas defined by retinotopic mapping were examined using supervised classifiers applied to responses elicited by a range of stimuli. Using two distinct datasets obtained using wide-field and two-photon imaging, we show that the area labels predicted by the classifiers were highly consistent with the labels obtained using retinotopy. Furthermore, the classifiers were able to model the boundaries of visual areas using resting state cortical responses obtained without any overt stimulus, in both datasets. With the wide-field dataset, clustering neuronal responses using a constrained semi-supervised classifier showed graceful degradation of accuracy. The results suggest that responses from visual cortical areas can be classified effectively using data-driven models. These responses likely reflect unique circuits within each area that give rise to activity with stronger intra-areal than inter-areal correlations, and their responses to controlled visual stimuli across trials drive higher areal classification accuracy than resting state responses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1008548","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,6]],"date-time":"2021-02-06T18:51:13Z","timestamp":1612637473000},"page":"e1008548","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Functional parcellation of mouse visual cortex using statistical techniques reveals response-dependent clustering of cortical processing areas"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6765-2834","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mari Ganesh","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5254-5315","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ming","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8094-5527","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Aadhirai","family":"Ramanujan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mriganka","family":"Sur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3611-6550","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hema A.","family":"Murthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"pcbi.1008548.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/7131.003.0038","article-title":"Organization of visual areas in macaque and human cerebral cortex","volume":"1","author":"DC Van Essen","year":"2003","journal-title":"The visual neurosciences"},{"issue":"1456","key":"pcbi.1008548.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2005.1626","article-title":"Brain maps, great and small: lessons from comparative studies of primate visual cortical organization","volume":"360","author":"MG Rosa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"},{"issue":"1456","key":"pcbi.1008548.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2005.1629","article-title":"Cortical visual areas in monkeys: location, topography, connections, columns, plasticity and cortical dynamics","volume":"360","author":"R Gattass","year":"2005","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1008548.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(74)90458-2","article-title":"The organization of the second visual area (V II) in the owl monkey: a second order transformation of the visual hemifield","volume":"76","author":"JM Allman","year":"1974","journal-title":"Brain research"},{"key":"pcbi.1008548.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-071714-033842","article-title":"Architecture, function, and assembly of the mouse visual system","volume":"40","author":"TA Seabrook","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annual review of neuroscience"},{"issue":"3","key":"pcbi.1008548.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.21286","article-title":"Area map of mouse visual cortex","volume":"502","author":"Q Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Comparative Neurology"},{"issue":"15","key":"pcbi.1008548.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6549","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-15-06549.2002","article-title":"Mapping retinotopic structure in mouse visual cortex with optical imaging","volume":"22","author":"S Schuett","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1008548.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(03)00286-1","article-title":"New paradigm for optical imaging: temporally encoded maps of intrinsic signal","volume":"38","author":"VA Kalatsky","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"37","key":"pcbi.1008548.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12587","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1124-14.2014","article-title":"Topography and areal organization of mouse visual cortex","volume":"34","author":"ME Garrett","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"32","key":"pcbi.1008548.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11120","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.6304-11.2012","article-title":"Long-range parallel processing and local recurrent activity in the visual cortex of the mouse","volume":"32","author":"PO Polack","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"6","key":"pcbi.1008548.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.11.013","article-title":"Functional specialization of mouse higher visual cortical areas","volume":"72","author":"ML Andermann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"6","key":"pcbi.1008548.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.12.004","article-title":"Functional specialization of seven mouse visual cortical areas","volume":"72","author":"JH Marshel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"6","key":"pcbi.1008548.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/4.6.601","article-title":"Analysis of retinotopic maps in extrastriate cortex","volume":"4","author":"MI Sereno","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"issue":"5212","key":"pcbi.1008548.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7754376","article-title":"Borders of multiple visual areas in humans revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"268","author":"MI Sereno","year":"1995","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"pcbi.1008548.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(02)00058-7","article-title":"Automatic volumetric segmentation of human visual retinotopic cortex","volume":"18","author":"SO Dumoulin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1008548.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2007.10.012","article-title":"Visual field maps in human cortex","volume":"56","author":"BA Wandell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"5","key":"pcbi.1008548.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0213924","article-title":"Biological variation in the sizes, shapes and locations of visual cortical areas in the mouse","volume":"14","author":"J Waters","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"pcbi.1008548.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e18372","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.18372","article-title":"An extended retinotopic map of mouse cortex","volume":"6","author":"J Zhuang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Elife"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1008548.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2019.01.029","article-title":"The spatial structure of neural encoding in mouse posterior cortex during navigation","volume":"102","author":"M Minderer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1008548.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1007791","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1007791","article-title":"Localized semi-nonnegative matrix factorization (LocaNMF) of widefield calcium imaging data","volume":"16","author":"S Saxena","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLOS Computational Biology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1008548.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-019-0550-9","article-title":"A large-scale standardized physiological survey reveals functional organization of the mouse visual cortex","volume":"23","author":"SE de Vries","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"issue":"43","key":"pcbi.1008548.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14661","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1660-15.2015","article-title":"Spatial correlations in natural scenes modulate response reliability in mouse visual cortex","volume":"35","author":"RV Rikhye","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1412","key":"pcbi.1008548.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2315","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1998.0577","article-title":"Independent component analysis of natural image sequences yields spatio-temporal filters similar to simple cells in primary visual cortex","volume":"265","author":"JH van Hateren","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences"},{"key":"pcbi.1008548.ref024","unstructured":"Technical whitepaper:stimulus set and response analysis;. Available from: http:\/\/help.brain-map.org\/display\/observatory\/Documentation."},{"issue":"11","key":"pcbi.1008548.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1080\/14786440109462720","article-title":"LIII. On lines and planes of closest fit to systems of points in space","volume":"2","author":"K Pearson","year":"1901","journal-title":"The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science"},{"issue":"6","key":"pcbi.1008548.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1037\/h0071325","article-title":"Analysis of a complex of statistical variables into principal components","volume":"24","author":"H Hotelling","year":"1933","journal-title":"Journal of educational psychology"},{"key":"pcbi.1008548.ref027","volume-title":"Pattern recognition and machine learning","author":"CM Bishop","year":"2006"},{"issue":"14","key":"pcbi.1008548.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2016.05.029","article-title":"Dimensionality reduction in neuroscience","volume":"26","author":"R Pang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1008548.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0270(99)00130-2","article-title":"Principal component analysis of neuronal ensemble activity reveals multidimensional somatosensory representations","volume":"94","author":"JK Chapin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of neuroscience methods"},{"issue":"11","key":"pcbi.1008548.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3776","article-title":"Dimensionality reduction for large-scale neural recordings","volume":"17","author":"JP Cunningham","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature neuroscience"},{"issue":"7399","key":"pcbi.1008548.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11057","article-title":"Brain-wide neuronal dynamics during motor adaptation in zebrafish","volume":"485","author":"MB Ahrens","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"3","key":"pcbi.1008548.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2010.09.015","article-title":"Cortical preparatory activity: representation of movement or first cog in a dynamical machine?","volume":"68","author":"MM Churchland","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1008548.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1109\/34.908974","article-title":"PCA versus LDA","volume":"23","author":"AM Mart\u00ednez","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence"},{"key":"pcbi.1008548.ref034","volume-title":"Fundamentals of artificial neural networks","author":"MH Hassoun","year":"1995"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1008548.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009715923555","article-title":"A tutorial on support vector machines for pattern recognition","volume":"2","author":"CJ Burges","year":"1998","journal-title":"Data mining and knowledge discovery"},{"issue":"3","key":"pcbi.1008548.ref036","first-page":"27","article-title":"LIBSVM: A library for support vector machines","volume":"2","author":"CC Chang","year":"2011","journal-title":"ACM transactions on intelligent systems and technology (TIST)"},{"issue":"13","key":"pcbi.1008548.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2015.05.028","article-title":"Pattern and component motion responses in mouse visual cortical areas","volume":"25","author":"AL Juavinett","year":"2015","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1008548.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4469","article-title":"Stream-dependent development of higher visual cortical areas","volume":"20","author":"IT Smith","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature neuroscience"},{"issue":"13","key":"pcbi.1008548.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4386","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.6063-11.2012","article-title":"Network analysis of corticocortical connections reveals ventral and dorsal processing streams in mouse visual cortex","volume":"32","author":"Q Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"pcbi.1008548.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-7488-4_197","article-title":"Universal background models","author":"DA Reynolds","year":"2015","journal-title":"Encyclopedia of biometrics"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"pcbi.1008548.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1006\/dspr.1999.0361","article-title":"Speaker verification using adapted Gaussian mixture models","volume":"10","author":"DA Reynolds","year":"2000","journal-title":"Digital signal processing"},{"key":"pcbi.1008548.ref042","unstructured":"Ajmera J, Wooters C. A robust speaker clustering algorithm. In: IEEE Workshop on Automatic Speech Recognition and Understanding. IEEE; 2003. p. 411\u2013416."},{"key":"pcbi.1008548.ref043","unstructured":"Chen SS, Gopalakrishnan PS. Speaker, environment and channel change detection and clustering via the bayesian information criterion. In: Proc. DARPA broadcast news transcription and understanding workshop. vol. 8. Virginia, USA; 1998. p. 127\u2013132."},{"issue":"Nov","key":"pcbi.1008548.ref044","first-page":"2579","article-title":"Visualizing data using t-SNE","volume":"9","author":"L Van der Maaten","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of machine learning research"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1008548","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,17]],"date-time":"2021-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613520000000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Computational Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1008548","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,15]],"date-time":"2022-12-15T05:16:25Z","timestamp":1671081385000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1008548"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Blake A","family":"Richards","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,4]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1008548","relation":{"new_version":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1008548","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1553-7358"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-7358","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,4]]}}}