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This model is based on the neural architecture INFERNO standing for Iterative Free-Energy Optimization of Recurrent Neural Networks. Free-energy minimization is used for rapidly exploring, selecting and learning the optimal choices of actions to perform (eg sound production) in order to reproduce and control as accurately as possible the spike trains representing desired perceptions (eg sound categories). We detail in this paper the CX-BG system responsible for linking causally the sound and motor primitives at the order of a few milliseconds. Two experiments performed with a small and a large audio database show the capabilities of exploration, generalization and robustness to noise of our neural architecture in retrieving audio primitives during vocal learning and during acoustic matching with unheared voices (different genders and tones).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1008566","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,18]],"date-time":"2021-02-18T18:52:06Z","timestamp":1613674326000},"page":"e1008566","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Brain-inspired model for early vocal learning and correspondence matching using free-energy optimization"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6541-578X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alexandre","family":"Pitti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3345-380X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mathias","family":"Quoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9385-1239","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sofiane","family":"Boucenna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6049-5613","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Catherine","family":"Lavandier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"pcbi.1008566.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1533","article-title":"Early language acquisition: cracking the speech code","volume":"5","author":"PK Kuhl","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature reviews neuroscience"},{"key":"pcbi.1008566.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195301069.001.0001","volume-title":"Rhythms of the Brain","author":"G Buzsaki","year":"2006"},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1008566.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2013.15.4\/emiller","article-title":"The \u201cworking\u201d of working memory","volume":"15","author":"E Miller","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"pcbi.1008566.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2013.05.016","article-title":"Computational modeling of stuttering caused by impairments in a basal ganglia thalamo-cortical circuit involved in syllable selection and initiation","volume":"126","author":"O Civier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain and Language"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1008566.ref005","first-page":"128","article-title":"Modeling Early Vocal Development Through Infant\u2013Caregiver Interaction: A Review","volume":"8","author":"M Asada","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE TCDS"},{"key":"pcbi.1008566.ref006","first-page":"2261","volume-title":"Humanoid Robotics: A Reference, Springer Nature BV 2019","author":"A Cangelosi","year":"2018"},{"key":"pcbi.1008566.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2017.11.008","article-title":"Cognitive science in the era of artificial intelligence: A roadmap for reverse-engineering the infant language-learner","volume":"173","author":"E Dupoux","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"pcbi.1008566.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.01462","article-title":"Emergence of an Action Repository as Part of a Biologically Inspired Model of Speech Processing: The Role of Somatosensory Information in Learning Phonetic-Phonological Sound Features","volume":"10","author":"BJ Kroger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1008566.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0145096","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0145096","article-title":"Learning to Produce Syllabic Speech Sounds via Reward-Modulated Neural Plasticity","volume":"11","author":"AS Warlaumont","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"pcbi.1008566.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1163\/016918611X607347","article-title":"Vowel Acquisition Based on an Auto-Mirroring Bias with a Less Imitative Caregiver","volume":"26","author":"K Miura","year":"2012","journal-title":"Advanced Robotics"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kanda H, Ogata T, Takahashi T, Komatani K, Okuno HG. 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