{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T06:13:18Z","timestamp":1772172798694,"version":"3.50.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1008615","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,26]],"date-time":"2021-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621987200000}}],"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,14]],"date-time":"2021-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2013\/08\/W\/NZ4\/00691"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2013\/08\/W\/NZ4\/00691"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2015\/17\/B\/ST7\/04123"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015\/17\/B\/ST7\/04123"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010663","name":"H2020 European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Laboratory of Emotions Neurobiology"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Laboratory of Emotions Neurobiology"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ploscompbiol.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Comput Biol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Extracellular recording is an accessible technique used in animals and humans to study the brain physiology and pathology. As the number of recording channels and their density grows it is natural to ask how much improvement the additional channels bring in and how we can optimally use the new capabilities for monitoring the brain. Here we show that for any given distribution of electrodes we can establish exactly what information about current sources in the brain can be recovered and what information is strictly unobservable. We demonstrate this in the general setting of previously proposed kernel Current Source Density method and illustrate it with simplified examples as well as using evoked potentials from the barrel cortex obtained with a Neuropixels probe and with compatible model data. We show that with conceptual separation of the estimation space from experimental setup one can recover sources not accessible to standard methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1008615","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,14]],"date-time":"2021-05-14T13:48:06Z","timestamp":1621000086000},"page":"e1008615","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["What we can and what we cannot see with extracellular multielectrodes"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4252-1608","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chaitanya","family":"Chintaluri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4005-8464","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marta","family":"Bejtka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3152-4785","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"W\u0142adys\u0142aw","family":"\u015aredniawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5569-4252","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Czerwi\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3745-1000","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jakub M.","family":"Dzik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"J\u0119drzejewska-Szmek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2600-1418","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kacper","family":"Kondrakiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6806-9707","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ewa","family":"Kublik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0812-9872","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Daniel K.","family":"W\u00f3jcik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"pcbi.1008615.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"041909","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.84.041909","article-title":"Generalized theory for current-source-density analysis in brain tissue","volume":"84","author":"C B\u00e9dard","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys"},{"key":"pcbi.1008615.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1985.65.1.37","article-title":"Current source-density method and application in cat cerebral cortex: investigation of evoked potentials and EEG phenomena","volume":"65","author":"U Mitzdorf","year":"1985","journal-title":"Physiological Reviews"},{"key":"pcbi.1008615.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195050387.001.0001","volume-title":"Electric Fields of the Brain","author":"PL Nunez","year":"2006"},{"key":"pcbi.1008615.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3241","article-title":"The origin of extracellular fields and currents \u2014 EEG, ECoG, LFP and spikes","volume":"13","author":"G Buzs\u00e1ki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"pcbi.1008615.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3599","article-title":"Modelling and analysis of local field potentials for studying the function of cortical circuits","volume":"14","author":"GT Einevoll","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"pcbi.1008615.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.13534","article-title":"From Maxwell\u2019s equations to the theory of current-source density analysis","volume":"45","author":"SL Gratiy","year":"2017","journal-title":"The European journal of neuroscience"},{"key":"pcbi.1008615.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/s12021-007-9000-z","article-title":"Inverse Current-Source Density method in 3D: reconstruction fidelity, boundary effects, and influence of distant sources","volume":"5","author":"S \u0141\u0119ski","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroinformatics"},{"key":"pcbi.1008615.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881110362126","article-title":"Differential effects produced by ketamine on oscillatory activity recorded in the rat hippocampus, dorsal striatum and nucleus accumbens","volume":"25","author":"MJ Hunt","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"pcbi.1008615.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.11.006","article-title":"Modeling the spatial reach of the LFP","volume":"72","author":"H Lind\u00e9n","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"pcbi.1008615.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1003137","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1003137","article-title":"Frequency dependence of signal power and spatial reach of the local field potential","volume":"9","author":"S \u0141\u0119ski","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"key":"pcbi.1008615.ref011","unstructured":"Pitts W. Investigations on synaptic transmission. In: Cybernetics, Trans. 9th Conf. Josiah Macy, New York. 1952:159\u201362."},{"key":"pcbi.1008615.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1975.38.2.356","article-title":"Theory of current source-density analysis and determination of conductivity tensor for anuran cerebellum","volume":"38","author":"C Nicholson","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"pcbi.1008615.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2005.12.005","article-title":"Current-source density estimation based on inversion of electrostatic forward solution: effects of finite extent of neuronal activity and conductivity discontinuities","volume":"154","author":"KH Pettersen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"key":"pcbi.1008615.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1007\/s12021-011-9111-4","article-title":"Inverse Current Source Density method in two dimensions: Inferring neural activation from multielectrode recordings","volume":"9","author":"S \u0141\u0119ski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroinformatics"},{"key":"pcbi.1008615.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1162\/NECO_a_00236","article-title":"Kernel current source density method","volume":"24","author":"J Potworowski","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neural Comput"},{"key":"pcbi.1008615.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1038\/nature24636","article-title":"Fully integrated silicon probes for high-density recording of neural activity","volume":"551","author":"JJ Jun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pcbi.1008615.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1007\/s12021-015-9265-6","article-title":"Modelling and analysis of electrical potentials recorded in microelectrode arrays (MEAs)","volume":"13","author":"TV Ness","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroinformatics"},{"key":"pcbi.1008615.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2017.00490","article-title":"Corrected Four-Sphere Head Model for EEG Signals","volume":"11","author":"S N\u00e6ss","year":"2017","journal-title":"Frontiers in human neuroscience"},{"key":"pcbi.1008615.ref019","volume-title":"Neurophysiology: A primer","author":"CF Stevens","year":"1966"},{"key":"pcbi.1008615.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.1973.324192","article-title":"Theoretical analysis of field potentials in anisotropic ensembles of neuronal elements","volume":"20","author":"C Nicholson","year":"1973","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"key":"pcbi.1008615.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2194","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00983.2004","article-title":"Single-Column Thalamocortical Network Model Exhibiting Gamma Oscillations, Sleep Spindles, and Epileptogenic Bursts","volume":"93","author":"RD Traub","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"pcbi.1008615.ref022","volume-title":"Thalamocortical-network","author":"H G\u0142\u0105bska","year":"2016"},{"key":"pcbi.1008615.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s12021-016-9319-4","article-title":"Collection of Simulated Data from a Thalamocortical Network Model","volume":"15","author":"H G\u0142\u0105bska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroinformatics"},{"key":"pcbi.1008615.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2388","DOI":"10.3390\/s17102388","article-title":"Time Multiplexed Active Neural Probe with 1356 Parallel Recording Sites","volume":"17","author":"BC Raducanu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"pcbi.1008615.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e105071","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0105071","article-title":"Independent components of neural activity carry information on individual populations","volume":"9","author":"H G\u0142\u0105bska","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"key":"pcbi.1008615.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awf110","article-title":"The minicolumn hypothesis in neuroscience","volume":"125","author":"DP Buxhoeveden","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain: a journal of neurology"},{"key":"pcbi.1008615.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3388","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00122.2010","article-title":"An evaluation of the conductivity profile in the somatosensory barrel cortex of Wistar rats","volume":"104","author":"T Goto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of neurophysiology"},{"key":"pcbi.1008615.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1162\/NECO_a_00846","article-title":"D Current Source Density (CSD) Estimation in Inverse Theory: A Unified Framework for Higher-Order Spectral Regularization of Quadrature and Expansion-Type CSD Methods","volume":"28","author":"P Kropf","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neural computation"},{"key":"pcbi.1008615.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2018.06.024","article-title":"waveCSD: A method for estimating transmembrane currents originated from propagating neuronal activity in the neocortex: Application to study cortical spreading depression","volume":"307","author":"A Moshkforoush","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of neuroscience methods"},{"key":"pcbi.1008615.ref030","volume-title":"Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics","author":"P Hansen","year":"2010"},{"key":"pcbi.1008615.ref031","volume-title":"The Rat Brain In Stereotaxic Coordinates","author":"G Paxinos","year":"2007"},{"key":"pcbi.1008615.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e29384","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.29384","article-title":"Revealing the distribution of transmembrane currents along the dendritic tree of a neuron from extracellular recordings","volume":"6","author":"D Cserpan","year":"2017","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"pcbi.1008615.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1090\/S0002-9947-1950-0051437-7","article-title":"Theory of reproducing kernels","volume":"68","author":"N Aronszajn","year":"1950","journal-title":"Transactions of the American Mathematical Society"},{"key":"pcbi.1008615.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-247X(71)90184-3","article-title":"Some results on Tchebycheffian spline functions","volume":"33","author":"G Kimeldorf","year":"1971","journal-title":"Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1008615","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,26]],"date-time":"2021-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621987200000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Computational Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1008615","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,26]],"date-time":"2021-05-26T14:09:40Z","timestamp":1622038180000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1008615"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Daniel","family":"Bush","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,14]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,14]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1008615","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2020.12.21.423760","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1553-7358"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-7358","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,14]]}}}