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Predominant theories of sensorimotor control assume \u2018motor noise\u2019 leads to force variability and its \u2018signal dependence\u2019 (variability in muscle force whose amplitude increases with intensity of neural drive). Here, we demonstrate that the two proposed mechanisms for motor noise (i.e. the stochastic nature of motor unit discharge and unfused tetanic contraction) cannot account for the majority of force variability nor for its signal dependence. We do so by considering three previously underappreciated but physiologically important features of a population of motor units: 1) fusion of motor unit twitches, 2) coupling among motoneuron discharge rate, cross-bridge dynamics, and muscle mechanics, and 3) a series-elastic element to account for the aponeurosis and tendon. These results argue strongly against the idea that force variability and the resulting kinematic variability are generated primarily by \u2018motor noise.\u2019 Rather, they underscore the importance of variability arising from properties of control strategies embodied through distributed sensorimotor systems. As such, our study provides a critical path toward developing theories and models of sensorimotor control that provide a physiologically valid and clinically useful understanding of healthy and pathologic force variability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1008707","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,8]],"date-time":"2021-03-08T18:41:24Z","timestamp":1615228884000},"page":"e1008707","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Force variability is mostly not motor noise: Theoretical implications for motor control"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4699-1260","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Akira","family":"Nagamori","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5054-7811","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Christopher M.","family":"Laine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gerald E.","family":"Loeb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2611-7923","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Francisco J.","family":"Valero-Cuevas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"pcbi.1008707.ref001","volume-title":"Human motor actions: Bernstein reassessed","author":"HTA Whiting","year":"1983"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1008707.ref002","first-page":"37","article-title":"Force variability in isometric responses","volume":"14","author":"K Newell","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1008707.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1080\/00222895.1980.10735208","article-title":"The relationship between force and force variability in minimal and near-maximal static and dynamic contractions","volume":"12","author":"DE Sherwood","year":"1980","journal-title":"Journal of Motor Behavior"},{"key":"pcbi.1008707.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-072116-031548","article-title":"The role of variability in motor learning","volume":"40","author":"AK Dhawale","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annual review of neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1008707.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2009.11.004","article-title":"The coordination of movement: optimal feedback control and beyond","volume":"14","author":"J Diedrichsen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends in cognitive sciences"},{"issue":"6695","key":"pcbi.1008707.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1038\/29528","article-title":"Signal-dependent noise determines motor planning","volume":"394","author":"CM Harris","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7","key":"pcbi.1008707.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1427","article-title":"Optimal feedback control and the neural basis of volitional motor control","volume":"5","author":"SH Scott","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"pcbi.1008707.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e38371","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.38371","article-title":"Step-to-step variations in human running reveal how humans run without falling","volume":"8","author":"N Seethapathi","year":"2019","journal-title":"eLife"},{"issue":"5","key":"pcbi.1008707.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1007\/s00422-005-0015-y","article-title":"Can co-activation reduce kinematic variability? 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