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Household contact tracing (HHCT), for which households of newly diagnosed cases are actively screened for additional infected individuals is a potentially efficient approach to finding new cases of tuberculosis, however randomized trials assessing the population-level effects of such interventions in settings with sustained community transmission have shown mixed results. One potential explanation for this is that household transmission is responsible for a variable proportion of population-level tuberculosis burden between settings. For example, transmission is more likely to occur in households in settings with a lower tuberculosis burden and where individuals mix preferentially in local areas, compared with settings with higher disease burden and more dispersed mixing. To better understand the relationship between endemic incidence levels, social mixing, and the impact of HHCT, we developed a spatially explicit model of coupled household and community transmission. We found that the impact of HHCT was robust across settings of varied incidence and community contact patterns. In contrast, we found that the effects of community contact tracing interventions were sensitive to community contact patterns. Our results suggest that the protective benefits of HHCT are robust and the benefits of this intervention are likely to be maintained across epidemiological settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1008713","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,9]],"date-time":"2021-02-09T02:11:38Z","timestamp":1612836698000},"page":"e1008713","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Protective impacts of household-based tuberculosis contact tracing are robust across endemic incidence levels and community contact patterns"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6749-1217","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Joshua","family":"Havumaki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8091-7198","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ted","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8508-9838","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chengwei","family":"Zhai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4426-0405","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Joel C.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seth D.","family":"Guikema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4221-830X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marisa C.","family":"Eisenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jon","family":"Zelner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"pcbi.1008713.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e199","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30111-7","article-title":"Tuberculosis: advances and challenges in development of new diagnostics and biomarkers","volume":"18","author":"G Walzl","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Lancet Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1008713.ref002","first-page":"00010","article-title":"New anti-tuberculosis drugs and regimens: 2015 update","volume":"1","author":"L D\u2019Ambrosio","year":"2015","journal-title":"ERJ Open Research"},{"key":"pcbi.1008713.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2016.10.018","article-title":"Novel approaches to tuberculosis vaccine development","volume":"56","author":"SH Kaufmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"9748","key":"pcbi.1008713.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61503-6","article-title":"Active case-finding for TB in the community: time to act","volume":"376","author":"H Getahun","year":"2010","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"pcbi.1008713.ref005","author":"Organization WH","year":"2012"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1008713.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3193-7","article-title":"Yield of household contact tracing for tuberculosis in rural South Africa","volume":"18","author":"KM Little","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC infectious diseases"},{"issue":"3","key":"pcbi.1008713.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1700209","article-title":"household-contact Investigation for Detection of Tuberculosis in Vietnam","volume":"378","author":"GJ Fox","year":"2018","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1008713.ref008","first-page":"203","article-title":"Community-randomized trial of enhanced DOTS for tuberculosis control in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","volume":"14","author":"S Cavalcante","year":"2010","journal-title":"The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease"},{"issue":"9899","key":"pcbi.1008713.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61131-9","article-title":"Effect of household and community interventions on the burden of tuberculosis in southern Africa: the ZAMSTAR community-randomised trial","volume":"382","author":"H Ayles","year":"2013","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"7","key":"pcbi.1008713.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201310-1846OC","article-title":"Timing of tuberculosis transmission and the impact of household contact tracing. 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