{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,25]],"date-time":"2025-12-25T19:23:51Z","timestamp":1766690631239,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,4]],"date-time":"2021-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ploscompbiol.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Comput Biol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We propose an analysis and applications of sample pooling to the epidemiologic monitoring of COVID-19. We first introduce a model of the RT-qPCR process used to test for the presence of virus in a sample and construct a statistical model for the viral load in a typical infected individual inspired by large-scale clinical datasets. We present an application of group testing for the prevention of epidemic outbreak in closed connected communities. We then propose a method for the measure of the prevalence in a population taking into account the increased number of false negatives associated with the group testing method.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1008726","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,4]],"date-time":"2021-03-04T18:27:40Z","timestamp":1614882460000},"page":"e1008726","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Group testing as a strategy for COVID-19 epidemiological monitoring and community surveillance"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4228-6687","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Vincent","family":"Brault","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Bastien","family":"Mallein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8904-5878","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jean-Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Rupprecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7809","key":"pcbi.1008726.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2196-x","article-title":"Virological assessment of hospitalized patients with COVID-2019","volume":"581","author":"R W\u00f6lfel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"unstructured":"World Health Organization. Laboratory testing for 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in suspected human cases. WHO\u2014Interim guidance. 2020;2019(January):1\u20137.","key":"pcbi.1008726.ref002"},{"issue":"3","key":"pcbi.1008726.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.3.2000045","article-title":"Detection of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) by real-time RT-PCR","volume":"25","author":"VM Corman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gollier C, Gossner O. Group Testing against Covid-19. Covid Economics. 2020; p. 32\u201342.","key":"pcbi.1008726.ref004","DOI":"10.12788\/obgm.0030"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pouwels KB, Roope LSJ, Barnett A, Hunter DJ, Nolan TM, Clarke PM. Group Testing for SARS-CoV-2: Forward to the Past? PharmacoEconomics\u2014Open. 2020; p. 2\u20135.","key":"pcbi.1008726.ref005","DOI":"10.1007\/s41669-020-00217-8"},{"issue":"10260","key":"pcbi.1008726.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32261-3","article-title":"Slovakia to test all adults for SARS-CoV-2","volume":"396","author":"E Holt","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"unstructured":"Health Ministry of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. Large Scale Testing; 2020. Available from: https:\/\/covid19.public.lu\/dam-assets\/covid-19\/documents\/strat{\u00e9}gie-lst\/strategie-LST-Fr.pdf.","key":"pcbi.1008726.ref007"},{"key":"pcbi.1008726.ref008","article-title":"Estimating the extent of asymptomatic COVID-19 and its potential for community transmission: Systematic review and meta-analysis","author":"O Byambasuren","year":"2020","journal-title":"Official Journal of the Association of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease Canada"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1008726.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2035057","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.35057","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Transmission From People Without COVID-19 Symptoms","volume":"4","author":"MA Johansson","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Network Open"},{"issue":"9","key":"pcbi.1008726.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1003346","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003346","article-title":"Occurrence and transmission potential of asymptomatic and presymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections: A living systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"D Buitrago-Garcia","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLOS Medicine"},{"issue":"10","key":"pcbi.1008726.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.10.2000180","article-title":"Estimating the asymptomatic proportion of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases on board the Diamond Princess cruise ship, Yokohama, Japan, 2020","volume":"25","author":"K Mizumoto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"issue":"20","key":"pcbi.1008726.ref012","first-page":"1","article-title":"Epidemiology and transmission of COVID-19 in 391 cases and 1286 of their close contacts in Shenzhen, China: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"3099","author":"Q Bi","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Lancet Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"14","key":"pcbi.1008726.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.2565","article-title":"Presumed Asymptomatic Carrier Transmission of COVID-19","volume":"323","author":"Y Bai","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"6491","key":"pcbi.1008726.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6936","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb6936","article-title":"Quantifying SARS-CoV-2 transmission suggests epidemic control with digital contact tracing","volume":"368","author":"L Ferretti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"pcbi.1008726.ref015","article-title":"Suppression of COVID-19 outbreak in the municipality of Vo\u2019, Italy","author":"E Lavezzo","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1008726.ref016","article-title":"Post-lockdown SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid screening in nearly ten million residents of Wuhan, China","volume":"11","author":"S Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"issue":"23","key":"pcbi.1008726.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e129","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2032361","article-title":"Rapid Response to an Outbreak in Qingdao, China","volume":"383","author":"Y Xing","year":"2020","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1008726.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1214\/aoms\/1177731363","article-title":"The Detection of Defective Members of Large Populations","volume":"14","author":"R Dorfman","year":"1943","journal-title":"The Annals of Mathematical Statistics"},{"issue":"3-4","key":"pcbi.1008726.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1561\/0100000099","article-title":"Group Testing: An Information Theory Perspective","volume":"15","author":"M Aldridge","year":"2019","journal-title":"Foundations and Trends\u00ae in Communications and Information Theory"},{"issue":"19","key":"pcbi.1008726.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1967","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.5445","article-title":"Sample Pooling as a Strategy to Detect Community Transmission of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"323","author":"CA Hogan","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"11","key":"pcbi.1008726.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30362-5","article-title":"Pooling of samples for testing for SARS-CoV-2 in asymptomatic people","volume":"20","author":"S Lohse","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Lancet Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"16","key":"pcbi.1008726.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2073","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa531","article-title":"Evaluation of COVID-19 RT-qPCR Test in Multi sample Pools","volume":"71","author":"I Yelin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"pcbi.1008726.ref023","article-title":"Large-scale implementation of pooled RNA-extraction and RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 detection","author":"R Ben-Ami","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"issue":"37","key":"pcbi.1008726.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabc5961","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abc5961","article-title":"Efficient high-throughput SARS-CoV-2 testing to detect asymptomatic carriers","volume":"6","author":"N Shental","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science Advances"},{"key":"pcbi.1008726.ref025","article-title":"FACT- Frankfurt adjusted COVID-19 testing- a novel method enables high-throughput SARS-CoV-2 screening without loss of sensitivity","author":"M Schmidt","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"issue":"7841","key":"pcbi.1008726.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2885-5","article-title":"A pooled testing strategy for identifying SARS-CoV-2 at low prevalence","volume":"589","author":"L Mutesa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"11","key":"pcbi.1008726.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2306","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25971","article-title":"Pooling of nasopharyngeal swab specimens for SARS-CoV-2 detection by RT-PCR","volume":"92","author":"I Torres","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Virology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1008726.ref028","article-title":"Pooling for SARS-CoV-2 control in care institutions","volume":"20","author":"JJC Alvargonzalez","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"10","key":"pcbi.1008726.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2193","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26005","article-title":"Evaluating the efficiency of specimen pooling for PCR-based detection of COVID-19","volume":"92","author":"S Wacharapluesadee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Virology"},{"unstructured":"Martin A, Storto A, Andre B, Mallory A, Dangla R, Visseaux B, et al. High-sensitivity COVID-19 group testing by digital PCR; 2020.","key":"pcbi.1008726.ref030"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1008726.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmm.IJMM_20_260","article-title":"Optimal size of Sample Pooling for RNA Pool Testing: An Avant-Garde for Scaling up Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 Testing","volume":"38","author":"A Khodare","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology"},{"key":"pcbi.1008726.ref032","article-title":"Pitfalls in SARS-CoV-2 PCR diagnostics","author":"K Wernike","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gan Y, Du L, Faleti OD, Huang J, Xiao G, Lyu X. Sample Pooling as a Strategy of SARS-COV-2 Nucleic Acid Screening Increases the False-negative Rate; 2020. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.05.18.20106138.","key":"pcbi.1008726.ref033","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.05.18.20106138"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Griesemer SB, Slyke GV, George KS. Assessment of sample pooling for clinical SARS-CoV-2 testing; 2020. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.05.26.118133.","key":"pcbi.1008726.ref034","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.05.26.118133"},{"issue":"7","key":"pcbi.1008726.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pathol.2020.09.005","article-title":"Sample pooling is a viable strategy for SARS-CoV-2 detection in low-prevalence settings","volume":"52","author":"BSW Chong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathology"},{"key":"pcbi.1008726.ref036","article-title":"Swab pooling for large-scale RT-qPCR screening of SARS-CoV-2","author":"AP Christoff","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"issue":"11","key":"pcbi.1008726.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0240652","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0240652","article-title":"Boosting test-efficiency by pooled testing for SARS-CoV-2\u2014Formula for optimal pool size","volume":"15","author":"R Hanel","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"9","key":"pcbi.1008726.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.20.257188","article-title":"Simulation of pooled-sample analysis strategies for COVID-19 mass testing","volume":"98","author":"A Deckert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"key":"pcbi.1008726.ref039","article-title":"Evaluation of Group Testing for SARS-CoV-2 RNA","author":"N Sinnott-Armstrong","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"pcbi.1008726.ref040","article-title":"Group testing for SARS-CoV-2 allows for up to 10-fold efficiency increase across realistic scenarios and testing strategies","author":"CM Verdun","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"pcbi.1008726.ref041","article-title":"Pooling RT-PCR or NGS samples has the potential to cost-effectively generate estimates of COVID-19 prevalence in resource limited environments","author":"KR Narayanan","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"issue":"3","key":"pcbi.1008726.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/1740-9713.01399","article-title":"Tests in short supply? Try group testing","volume":"17","author":"CR Bilder","year":"2020","journal-title":"Significance"},{"unstructured":"Furon T. The illusion of group testing. [Research Report] RR-9164, Inria Rennes Bretagne Atlantique. 2018; p. 1\u201319.","key":"pcbi.1008726.ref043"},{"issue":"22","key":"pcbi.1008726.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6241","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/19.22.6241","article-title":"Theoretical analysis of library screening using a N-dimensional pooling strategy","volume":"19","author":"E Barillot","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"pcbi.1008726.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth0306-161","article-title":"Pooling in systems biology becomes smart","volume":"3","author":"N Thierry-Mieg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature Methods"},{"unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Interim Guidance for Use of Pooling Procedures in SARS-CoV-2 Diagnostic, Screening, and Surveillance Testing; 2020. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/lab\/pooling-procedures.html.","key":"pcbi.1008726.ref046"},{"key":"pcbi.1008726.ref047","article-title":"Lessons from applied large-scale pooling of 133, 816 SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR tests","author":"N Barak","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"issue":"46","key":"pcbi.1008726.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6946e1","article-title":"Implementation of a Pooled Surveillance Testing Program for Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infections on a College Campus\u2014Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, August 2\u2013October 11, 2020","volume":"69","author":"TN Denny","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"},{"unstructured":"Mulder JT. How Upstate Medical University used spit and grit to make\u2019game-changer\u2019 coronavirus test; 2021. Available from: https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/y6yk9vqr.","key":"pcbi.1008726.ref049"},{"issue":"11","key":"pcbi.1008726.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30444-6","article-title":"Pooled saliva samples for COVID-19 surveillance programme","volume":"8","author":"A Fogarty","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Lancet Respiratory Medicine"},{"key":"pcbi.1008726.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bdq.2017.04.001","article-title":"Methods to determine limit of detection and limit of quantification in quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR)","volume":"12","author":"A Forootan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomolecular Detection and Quantification"},{"key":"pcbi.1008726.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bdq.2017.10.001","article-title":"Amplification of nonspecific products in quantitative polymerase chain reactions (qPCR)","volume":"14","author":"A Ruiz-Villalba","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomolecular Detection and Quantification"},{"key":"pcbi.1008726.ref053","article-title":"Using viral load and epidemic dynamics to optimize pooled testing in resource constrained settings","author":"B Cleary","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"pcbi.1008726.ref054","article-title":"Pooling saliva to increase SARS-CoV-2 testing capacity","author":"AE Watkins","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"pcbi.1008726.ref055","article-title":"Comparison of viral levels in individuals with or without symptoms at time of COVID-19 testing among 32, 480 residents and staff of nursing homes and assisted living facilities in Massachusetts","author":"NJ Lennon","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jones TC, M\u00fchlemann B, Talitha V, Marta Z, Hofmann J, Stein A, et al. An analysis of SARS-CoV-2 viral load by patient age. Preprint Charit\u00e9 Hospital. 2020.","key":"pcbi.1008726.ref056","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.06.08.20125484"},{"issue":"6","key":"pcbi.1008726.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30232-2","article-title":"Viral dynamics in mild and severe cases of COVID-19","volume":"20","author":"Y Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Lancet Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"6493","key":"pcbi.1008726.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb5793","article-title":"Projecting the transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 through the postpandemic period","volume":"368","author":"SM Kissler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"pcbi.1008726.ref059","article-title":"Estimating epidemiologic dynamics from single cross-sectional viral load distributions","author":"JA Hay","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"pcbi.1008726.ref060","article-title":"Underdetection of COVID-19 cases in France in the exit phase following lockdown","author":"G Pullano","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"pcbi.1008726.ref061","article-title":"Covid-19: Universities roll out pooled testing of students in bid to keep campuses open","author":"E Mahase","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1008726.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2701.203892","article-title":"Large-Scale Testing of Asymptomatic Healthcare Personnel for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2","volume":"27","author":"CA Hogan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerging Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"22","key":"pcbi.1008726.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2081","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2008457","article-title":"Presymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infections and Transmission in a Skilled Nursing Facility","volume":"382","author":"MM Arons","year":"2020","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1008726.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.2307\/2527902","article-title":"Estimation of the Proportion of Vectors in a Natural Population of Insects","volume":"18","author":"KH Thompson","year":"1962","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"unstructured":"Prevention ECfD. Methodology for estimating point prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection by pooled RT-PCR testing. Stockholm: ECDC. 2020.","key":"pcbi.1008726.ref065"},{"key":"pcbi.1008726.ref066","article-title":"Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in previously undiagnosed health care workers at the onset of the U.S. COVID-19 epidemic","author":"ES Barrett","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"issue":"24","key":"pcbi.1008726.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2302","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2006100","article-title":"Spread of SARS-CoV-2 in the Icelandic Population","volume":"382","author":"DF Gudbjartsson","year":"2020","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1008726.ref068","article-title":"Optimizing COVID-19 surveillance in long-term care facilities: a modelling study","volume":"18","author":"DRM Smith","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Medicine"},{"issue":"13","key":"pcbi.1008726.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2016359","article-title":"Saliva or Nasopharyngeal Swab Specimens for Detection of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"383","author":"AL Wyllie","year":"2020","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1008726.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.04.005","article-title":"Saliva is a reliable tool to detect SARS-CoV-2","volume":"81","author":"L Azzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Infection"},{"issue":"5","key":"pcbi.1008726.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30196-1","article-title":"Temporal profiles of viral load in posterior oropharyngeal saliva samples and serum antibody responses during infection by SARS-CoV-2: an observational cohort study","volume":"20","author":"KKW To","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Lancet Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"8","key":"pcbi.1008726.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00776-20","article-title":"Saliva as a Noninvasive Specimen for Detection of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"58","author":"E Williams","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"key":"pcbi.1008726.ref073","article-title":"Saliva as a non-invasive sample for the detection of SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review","author":"Z Khurshid","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"issue":"11","key":"pcbi.1008726.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01824-20","article-title":"Self-Collected Anterior Nasal and Saliva Specimens versus Health Care Worker-Collected Nasopharyngeal Swabs for the Molecular Detection of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"58","author":"KE Hanson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"issue":"7","key":"pcbi.1008726.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa269","article-title":"Willingness to Seek Diagnostic Testing for SARS-CoV-2 With Home, Drive-through, and Clinic-Based Specimen Collection Locations","volume":"7","author":"AJ Siegler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open Forum Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"10237","key":"pcbi.1008726.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31100-4","article-title":"COVID-19: PCR screening of asymptomatic health-care workers at London hospital","volume":"395","author":"TA Treibel","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"unstructured":"R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing; 2020. Available from: https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/.","key":"pcbi.1008726.ref077"}],"container-title":["PLOS Computational Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1008726","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,4]],"date-time":"2021-03-04T18:29:53Z","timestamp":1614882593000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1008726"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Jingyi Jessica","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,4]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1008726","relation":{},"ISSN":["1553-7358"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1553-7358"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,4]]}}}