{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T02:09:06Z","timestamp":1775786946947,"version":"3.50.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1008802","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,27]],"date-time":"2021-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635292800000}}],"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,15]],"date-time":"2021-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634256000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["RGPIN-2017-005292"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2017-005292"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["RGPIN-2016-03915"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2016-03915"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre"},{"name":"McGill University Health Centre Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ploscompbiol.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Comput Biol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Texture regularity, such as the repeating pattern in a carpet, brickwork or tree bark, is a ubiquitous feature of the visual world. The perception of regularity has generally been studied using multi-element textures in which the degree of regularity has been manipulated by adding random jitter to the elements\u2019 positions. Here we used three-factor Maximum Likelihood Conjoint Measurement (MLCM) for the first time to investigate the encoding of regularity information under more complex conditions in which element spacing and size, in addition to positional jitter, were manipulated. Human observers were presented with large numbers of pairs of multi-element stimuli with varying levels of the three factors, and indicated on each trial which stimulus appeared more regular. All three factors contributed to regularity perception. Jitter, as expected, strongly affected regularity perception. This effect of jitter on regularity perception is strongest at small element spacing and large texture element size, suggesting that the visual system utilizes the edge-to-edge distance between elements as the basis for regularity judgments. We then examined how the responses of a bank of Gabor wavelet spatial filters might account for our results. Our analysis indicates that the peakedness of the spatial frequency (SF) distribution, a previously favored proposal, is insufficient for regularity encoding since it varied more with element spacing and size than with jitter. Instead, our results support the idea that the visual system may extract texture regularity information from the moments of the SF-distribution across orientation. In our best-performing model, the variance of SF-distribution skew across orientations can explain 70% of the variance of estimated texture regularity from our data, suggesting that it could provide a candidate read-out for perceived regularity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1008802","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,15]],"date-time":"2021-10-15T14:46:37Z","timestamp":1634309197000},"page":"e1008802","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Visual perception of texture regularity: Conjoint measurements and a wavelet response-distribution model"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8724-7844","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hua-Chun","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1103-9210","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"David","family":"St-Amand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9988-3936","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Curtis L.","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Frederick A. A.","family":"Kingdom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"pcbi.1008802.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.2307\/1418003","article-title":"The Perception of Visual Surfaces","volume":"63","author":"JJ Gibson","year":"1950","journal-title":"The American Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"pcbi.1008802.ref002","first-page":"427","volume-title":"Quantitative Evaluation of Near Regular Texture Synthesis Algorithms. 2006 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR\u201906)","author":"W-C Lin","year":"2006"},{"issue":"99","key":"pcbi.1008802.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2014.0342","article-title":"An absolute interval scale of order for point patterns","volume":"11","author":"ED Protonotarios","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of The Royal Society Interface"},{"key":"pcbi.1008802.ref004","volume-title":"The perception of the visual world","author":"JJ Gibson","year":"1950"},{"issue":"2906","key":"pcbi.1008802.ref005","first-page":"1","article-title":"Pattern randomness aftereffect","volume":"3","author":"Y Yamada","year":"2013","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"8","key":"pcbi.1008802.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1167\/13.8.18","article-title":"Aftereffect of perceived regularity","volume":"13","author":"M Ouhnana","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Vision"},{"issue":"1637","key":"pcbi.1008802.ref007","first-page":"1","article-title":"Perceived regularity of a texture is influenced by the regularity of a surrounding texture","volume":"9","author":"H-C Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1008802.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1068\/i0515","article-title":"Spatial arrangement in texture discrimination and texture segregation","volume":"4","author":"K Vancleef","year":"2013","journal-title":"i-Perception"},{"key":"pcbi.1008802.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2015.06.004","article-title":"Quantifying density cues in grouping displays","volume":"126","author":"B Machilsen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1008802.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1976.43.2.663","article-title":"Effect of Item Arrangement on Perceived Numerosity: Randomness vs Regularity","volume":"43","author":"N. Ginsburg","year":"1976","journal-title":"Perceptual and Motor Skills"},{"issue":"49","key":"pcbi.1008802.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19552","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1113195108","article-title":"A common perceptual metric for human discrimination of number and density","volume":"108","author":"SC Dakin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"2080","key":"pcbi.1008802.ref012","article-title":"Regular Distribution Inhibits Generic Numerosity Processing","volume":"9","author":"W Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology."},{"issue":"9","key":"pcbi.1008802.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1167\/16.9.2","article-title":"Difference magnitude is not measured by discrimination steps for order of point patterns","volume":"16","author":"ED Protonotarios","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Vision"},{"issue":"1739","key":"pcbi.1008802.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2754","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2011.2645","article-title":"Perceived pattern regularity computed as a summary statistic: implications for camouflage.","volume":"279","author":"MJ Morgan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"},{"issue":"14","key":"pcbi.1008802.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(03)00122-6","article-title":"How many positions can we perceptually encode, one or many?","volume":"43","author":"RF Hess","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"key":"pcbi.1008802.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2018.06.008","article-title":"A spatial frequency spectral peakedness model predicts discrimination performance of regularity in dot patterns","volume":"149","author":"ED Protonotarios","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"key":"pcbi.1008802.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-4475-6_8","volume-title":"Modeling Psychophysical Data in R","author":"K Knoblauch","year":"2012"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1008802.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2008.02067.x","article-title":"Conjoint measurement of gloss and surface texture","volume":"19","author":"Y-X Ho","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"key":"pcbi.1008802.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2015.04.014","article-title":"The joint effect of mesoscale and microscale roughness on perceived gloss","volume":"115","author":"L Qi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1008802.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2041669516687770","DOI":"10.1177\/2041669516687770","article-title":"A Glossy Simultaneous Contrast: Conjoint Measurements of Gloss and Lightness","volume":"8","author":"S Hansmann-Roth","year":"2017","journal-title":"i-Perception"},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1008802.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1167\/jov.20.4.19","article-title":"Toward reliable measurements of perceptual scales in multiple contexts","volume":"20","author":"G Aguilar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Vision"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1008802.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-vision-030320-041152","article-title":"Measuring and Modeling Visual Appearance","volume":"6","author":"LT Maloney","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annual Review of Vision Science"},{"issue":"14","key":"pcbi.1008802.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2352\/ISSN.2470-1173.2018.14.HVEI-512","article-title":"Contextual effects in human gloss perception","volume":"2018","author":"S Hansmann-Roth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Electronic Imaging"},{"key":"pcbi.1008802.ref024","first-page":"14","article-title":"Contributions of contour frequency, amplitude, and luminance to the watercolor effect estimated by conjoint measurement","author":"P Gerardin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Vision"},{"key":"pcbi.1008802.ref025","article-title":"Gabor Filter Set.","author":"B. Chandrasekaran","year":"2020","journal-title":"MATLAB Central File Exchange: MATLAB Central File Exchange"},{"issue":"13","key":"pcbi.1008802.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2011.02.007","article-title":"Beyond multiple pattern analyzers modeled as linear filters (as classical V1 simple cells): Useful additions of the last 25 years","volume":"51","author":"NV Graham","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"issue":"7141","key":"pcbi.1008802.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05724","article-title":"Image statistics and the perception of surface qualities","volume":"447","author":"I Motoyoshi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1008802.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1163\/156856897X00357","volume":"10","author":"DH Brainard","year":"1997","journal-title":"The Psychophysics Toolbox. Spatial Vision"},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1008802.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1163\/156856897X00366","article-title":"The VideoToolbox software for visual psychophysics: transforming numbers into movies","volume":"10","author":"DG Pelli","year":"1997","journal-title":"Spatial Vision"},{"issue":"14","key":"pcbi.1008802.ref030","first-page":"1","article-title":"What\u2019s new in Psychtoolbox-3?.","volume":"36","author":"M Kleiner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Perception 36 ECVP Abstract Supplement"},{"issue":"6","key":"pcbi.1008802.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1167\/13.6.20","article-title":"A non\u2013device-specific approach to display characterization based on linear, nonlinear, and hybrid search algorithms","volume":"13","author":"H Ban","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Vision"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1008802.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02287917","article-title":"Weighting systems for linear functions of correlated variables when there is no dependent variable","volume":"3","author":"SS Wilks","year":"1938","journal-title":"Psychometrika"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1008802","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,27]],"date-time":"2021-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635292800000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Computational Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1008802","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,27]],"date-time":"2021-10-27T13:43:57Z","timestamp":1635342237000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1008802"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Balas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,15]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1008802","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2021.02.17.431605","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1553-7358"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-7358","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,15]]}}}