{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T19:38:22Z","timestamp":1773517102605,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]],"date-time":"2021-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ploscompbiol.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Comput Biol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreaks have caused universities all across the globe to close their campuses and forced them to initiate online teaching. This article reviews the pedagogical foundations for developing effective distance education practices, starting from the assumption that promoting autonomous thinking is an essential element to guarantee full citizenship in a democracy and for moral decision-making in situations of rapid change, which has become a pressing need in the context of a pandemic. In addition, the main obstacles related to this new context are identified, and solutions are proposed according to the existing bibliography in learning sciences.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1008922","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]],"date-time":"2021-05-13T17:31:59Z","timestamp":1620927119000},"page":"e1008922","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["A constructivist-based proposal for bioinformatics teaching practices during lockdown"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5752-2155","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Crist\u00f3bal","family":"Gallardo-Alba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3079-6586","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bj\u00f6rn","family":"Gr\u00fcning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5862-6132","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Beatriz","family":"Serrano-Solano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"pcbi.1008922.ref001","first-page":"1","article-title":"The role of faculty development in online teaching\u2019s potential to question teaching beliefs and assumptions","volume":"10","author":"CA McQuiggan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration"},{"issue":"3","key":"pcbi.1008922.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1177\/0091552108327187","article-title":"Delicate engagement: The lived experience of community college students enrolled in high-risk online courses","volume":"36","author":"CS Bambara","year":"2009","journal-title":"Community Coll Rev"},{"key":"pcbi.1008922.ref003","author":"N Hara","year":"1999","journal-title":"Students\u2019 frustrations with a web-based distance education course"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1008922.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1080\/08923647.2014.867697","article-title":"Choosing between online and face-to-face courses: Community college student voices","volume":"28","author":"SS Jaggars","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Dist Educ"},{"issue":"5","key":"pcbi.1008922.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1353\/jhe.2014.0028","article-title":"Performance gaps between online and face-to-face courses: Differences across types of students and academic subject areas","volume":"85","author":"D Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J High Educ"},{"issue":"3","key":"pcbi.1008922.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2004.06.009","article-title":"The crucial role of cognitive processes in the design of dynamic visualizations","volume":"14","author":"P Chandler","year":"2004","journal-title":"Learn Instr"},{"issue":"3","key":"pcbi.1008922.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1080\/09523980701491666","article-title":"Authentic learning supported by technology: Ten suggestions and cases of integration in classrooms","volume":"44","author":"J Herrington","year":"2007","journal-title":"Educ Media Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1008922.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.5815\/ijmecs.2013.04.07","article-title":"Teachers\u2019 use of technology and constructivism","volume":"5","author":"AP Gilakjani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Modern Educ Comput"},{"key":"pcbi.1008922.ref009","volume-title":"Lessons from the cyberspace classroom: The realities of online teaching","author":"RM Palloff","year":"2002"},{"issue":"3","key":"pcbi.1008922.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.2190\/B3XP-5K61-7Q07-U443","article-title":"The development of an instrument for assessing online teaching effectiveness","volume":"35","author":"AW Bangert","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Educ Comput Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"pcbi.1008922.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1008923","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1008923","article-title":"Fostering accessible online education using Galaxy as an e-learning platform.","volume":"17","author":"B Serrano-Solano","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"key":"pcbi.1008922.ref012","first-page":"11","article-title":"Seven goals for the design of constructivist learning environments","author":"PC Honebein","year":"1996","journal-title":"Constructivist learning environments: Case studies in instructional design"},{"key":"pcbi.1008922.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.2307\/249596","article-title":"The use of information technology to enhance management school education: A theoretical view","author":"DE Leidner","year":"1995","journal-title":"MIS Q"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1008922.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8535.00236","article-title":"Toward constructivism for adult learners in online learning environments","volume":"33","author":"HM Huang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br J Educ Technol"},{"key":"pcbi.1008922.ref015","first-page":"309","article-title":"Considerations for developing constructivist web-based learning","volume":"31","author":"SS Liaw","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Instr Media"},{"key":"pcbi.1008922.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1037\/11193-000","volume-title":"Thought and language","author":"LS Vygotsky","year":"1962"},{"key":"pcbi.1008922.ref017","volume-title":"In search of understanding: The case for constructivist classrooms","author":"JG Brooks","year":"1999"},{"key":"pcbi.1008922.ref018","volume-title":"Teaching in a digital age: Guidelines for designing teaching and learning for a digital age","author":"T Bates","year":"2015"},{"key":"pcbi.1008922.ref019","volume-title":"Building online learning communities: Effective strategies for the virtual classroom","author":"RM Palloff","year":"2007"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"pcbi.1008922.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S1096-7516(00)00016-6","article-title":"Critical inquiry in a text-based environment: Computer conferencing in higher education","volume":"2","author":"DR Garrison","year":"1999","journal-title":"Internet High Educ"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1008922.ref021","first-page":"34","article-title":"The measurement of social presence in an online learning environment","volume":"1","author":"CH Tu","year":"2002","journal-title":"International Journal on E-learning"},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1008922.ref022","article-title":"Online teaching experience: A qualitative metasynthesis (QMS).","volume":"5","author":"JC De Gagne","year":"2009","journal-title":"MERLOT J Online Learn Teach"},{"key":"pcbi.1008922.ref023","author":"J Richardson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Examining social presence in online courses in relation to students\u2019 perceived learning and satisfaction"},{"key":"pcbi.1008922.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/4.1.7","article-title":"A review of bioinformatics education in the UK","volume":"4","author":"D Counsell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brief Bioinform"},{"key":"pcbi.1008922.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbn006","article-title":"Fuellen G. A review of bioinformatics education in Germany","volume":"9","author":"I Koch","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brief Bioinform"},{"key":"pcbi.1008922.ref026","first-page":"607","volume":"13","author":"AJ Magana","year":"2014","journal-title":"A survey of scholarly literature describing the field of bioinformatics education and bioinformatics educational"},{"key":"pcbi.1008922.ref027","author":"S Bruner J","year":"1966"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1008922.ref028","first-page":"45","article-title":"Constructivism in computer science education","volume":"20","author":"M Ben-Ari","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Comput Math Sci Teach"},{"key":"pcbi.1008922.ref029","first-page":"292","article-title":"Conceptual models and cognitive learning styles in teaching recursion","author":"CC Wu","year":"1998","journal-title":"In Proceedings of the twenty-ninth SIGCSE technical symposium on Computer science education"},{"key":"pcbi.1008922.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1145\/1508865.1508932","article-title":"Teaching computational thinking through bioinformatics to biology students. In Proceedings of the 40th","author":"H Qin","year":"2009","journal-title":"ACM technical symposium on Computer science education"},{"key":"pcbi.1008922.ref031","first-page":"251","volume-title":"Development of mental models of and offi ce system: A field study on an introductory course. In Human-c omputer i nteraction: Psychonomic a spects.","author":"GC Van der Veer","year":"1988"},{"key":"pcbi.1008922.ref032","first-page":"7","volume-title":"Some observation of mental models. Mental Models.","author":"A Norman D","year":"1983"},{"issue":"5","key":"pcbi.1008922.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1080\/00098655.2011.568989","article-title":"The cognitive perspective on learning: Its theoretical underpinnings and implications for classroom practices.","volume":"84","author":"K Yilmaz","year":"2011","journal-title":"The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas"},{"key":"pcbi.1008922.ref034","first-page":"15","article-title":"Metaphors and analogies for teaching algorithms. In Proceedings of the 43rd","author":"M Fori\u0161ek","year":"2012","journal-title":"ACM technical symposium on Computer Science Education"},{"issue":"5","key":"pcbi.1008922.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbt043","article-title":"Rother, K, Schneider M V, Attwood TK. Best practices in bioinformatics training for life scientists","volume":"14","author":"A Via","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brief Bioinform"},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1008922.ref036","first-page":"497","article-title":"Student-centered, technology-rich learning environments (SCenTRLE): Operationalizing constructivist approaches to teaching and learning","volume":"10","author":"A Hirumi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Technol Teach Educ"},{"key":"pcbi.1008922.ref037","article-title":"Learning management system technologies and software solutions for online teaching: Tools and applications","author":"Y Kats","year":"2010","journal-title":"IGI Global"},{"issue":"6","key":"pcbi.1008922.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbq023","article-title":"Bioinformatics training: Selecting an appropriate learning content management systemic -an example from the European Bioinformatics Institute","volume":"11","author":"VA Wright","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brief Bioinform"},{"key":"pcbi.1008922.ref039","author":"J Feliciano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Towards a collaborative learning platform: The use of GitHub in computer science and software engineering courses."},{"key":"pcbi.1008922.ref040","first-page":"664","article-title":"Social software and participatory learning: Pedagogical choices with technology affordances in the Web 2.0 era.","author":"C McLoughlin","year":"2007","journal-title":"ICT providing choices for learning and learners, Singapure"},{"key":"pcbi.1008922.ref041","first-page":"2","article-title":"Social software: E-learning beyond learning management systems","author":"C Dalsgaard","year":"2006","journal-title":"European Journal of Open, Distance and E-Learning"},{"issue":"6","key":"pcbi.1008922.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1080\/00207390412331271267","article-title":"Theoretical branches in teaching computer science","volume":"35","author":"H Habiballa","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Math Educ Sci Technol"},{"key":"pcbi.1008922.ref043","first-page":"188","article-title":"Teaching computational thinking through bioinformatics to biology students. Proceedings of the 40th ACM technical symposium on","author":"H Qin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Comput Sci Educ"},{"key":"pcbi.1008922.ref044","first-page":"18","author":"A Csizmadia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Computational thinking -A guide for teachers"},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1008922.ref045","first-page":"834","article-title":"Changing a generation\u2019s way of thinking: Teaching computational thinking through programming","volume":"87","author":"F Buitrago Fl\u00f3rez","year":"2017"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1008922.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s41239-017-0080-z","article-title":"Computational thinking development through creative programming in higher education","volume":"14","author":"M Romero","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Educ Technol High Educ"},{"issue":"5","key":"pcbi.1008922.ref047","first-page":"31","article-title":"Problem based learning: An instructional model and its constructivist framework","volume":"35","author":"JR Savery","year":"1995","journal-title":"Educ Technol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1008922.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/s10459-006-9015-5","article-title":"Students\u2019 conceptions of constructivist learning: a comparison between a traditional and a problem-based learning curriculum","volume":"11","author":"SM Loyens","year":"2006","journal-title":"Adv Health Sci Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1008922.ref049","first-page":"92","article-title":"The effect of dynamic web technologies on student academic achievement in problem-based collaborative learning environment","volume":"6","author":"A Korucu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Malaysian Online Journal of Educational Technology"},{"key":"pcbi.1008922.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2307\/3211421","article-title":"Rethinking thinking about higher-level thinking","author":"HR Geertsen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Teach Sociol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1008922.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.21061\/jte.v7i1.a.2","article-title":"Collaborative learning enhances critical thinking","volume":"7","author":"AA Gokhale","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Technol Educ"},{"key":"pcbi.1008922.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1145\/3300115.3309518","article-title":"Adopting G it\/G ithub within teaching: A survey of tool support","author":"R Glassey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Global Computing Education"},{"key":"pcbi.1008922.ref053","volume-title":"Using GitHub in the classroom-a collaborative learning experience","author":"CZ Kert\u00e9sz","year":"2015"},{"key":"pcbi.1008922.ref054","article-title":"Using GitHub as a teaching tool for programming courses. ASEE Gulf-Southwest Section Annual Meeting 2018 Papers","author":"MA Angulo","year":"2019","journal-title":"American Society for Engineering Education"},{"key":"pcbi.1008922.ref055","author":"A Zagalsky","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Emergence of GitHub as a Collaborative Platform for Education"},{"key":"pcbi.1008922.ref056","first-page":"422","article-title":"Student experiences using GitHub in software engineering courses: A case study.","author":"J Feliciano","year":"2016","journal-title":"38th International Conference on Software Engineering"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1008922.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1080\/10691898.2019.1617089","article-title":"Using GitHub Classroom to teach statistics","volume":"27","author":"J Fiksel","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Stat Educ"},{"issue":"5","key":"pcbi.1008922.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1002\/bmb.20886","article-title":"Learning nucleic acids solving by bioinformatics problems","volume":"43","author":"R Nunes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochem Mol Biol Educ"},{"key":"pcbi.1008922.ref059","first-page":"4448","volume":"35","author":"SD Jackman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sequence analysis ORCA: a comprehensive bioinformatics container environment for education and research"},{"issue":"1\/2","key":"pcbi.1008922.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1023\/B:TRUC.0000021806.17516.d0","article-title":"Cognitive load theory: Instructional implications of the interaction between information structures and cognitive architecture","volume":"32","author":"F Paas","year":"2004","journal-title":"Instr Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"pcbi.1008922.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbt024","article-title":"Teaching the bioinformatics of signaling networks: an integrated approach to facilitate multi-disciplinary learning","volume":"14","author":"T Korcsmaros","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brief Bioinform"},{"issue":"W1","key":"pcbi.1008922.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W3","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw343","article-title":"The Galaxy platform for accessible, reproducible and collaborative biomedical analyses: 2016 update","volume":"44","author":"E Afgan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"pcbi.1008922.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cels.2018.05.012","article-title":"Community-d riven data analysis training for biology","volume":"6","author":"B Batut","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Systems"},{"key":"pcbi.1008922.ref064","author":"H Rasche","journal-title":"Training Infrastructure as a Service. BioRxiv. 2020"},{"key":"pcbi.1008922.ref065","author":"T Booth","year":"2012"},{"key":"pcbi.1008922.ref066","volume-title":"COVID-19: What c onsequences for higher education?","author":"G Mohamedbhai"},{"key":"pcbi.1008922.ref067","volume-title":"Adaptability to online learning: Differences across types of students and academic subject areas","author":"D Xu","year":"2013"},{"key":"pcbi.1008922.ref068","article-title":"The obsolescence of man, volume II: On the destruction of life in the epoch of the Third Industrial Revolution","author":"G Anders","year":"1980"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1008922.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00620384","article-title":"Humanizing the use of technology in education: A re-examination","volume":"32","author":"JW Murphy","year":"1986","journal-title":"Int Rev Educ"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1008922.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1080\/15391523.2003.10782410","article-title":"Pedagogical implications of online discussion for preservice teacher training.","volume":"36","author":"Y Im","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Res Technol Educ"},{"key":"pcbi.1008922.ref071","article-title":"Learner engagement strategies in online class environment","author":"M. Chakraborty","year":"1969","journal-title":"PhD d iss 2017"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1008922.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.2307\/3211312","article-title":"Virtual transformation: Web-based technology and pedagogical change","volume":"31","author":"D Jaffee","year":"2003","journal-title":"Teach Sociol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1008922.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.3102\/00346543057001069","article-title":"The role of wait time in higher cognitive level learning","volume":"57","author":"K Tobin","year":"1987","journal-title":"Rev Educ Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"pcbi.1008922.ref074","article-title":"Creating new pedagogies at the millennium: The common experiences of University of Wisconsin-Madison teachers using distance education technologies","volume":"5","author":"N Diekelmann","year":"1998","journal-title":"Distance Education Systemwide Interactive Electronic Newsletter"},{"issue":"88","key":"pcbi.1008922.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1002\/ace.8807","article-title":"Professional development for web-based teaching: overcoming innocence and resistance","volume":"2000","author":"GM Gallant","year":"2000","journal-title":"New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"pcbi.1008922.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2009.08.002","article-title":"Effective pedagogical practices for online teaching: Perception of experienced instructors","volume":"12","author":"CJ Bailey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Internet High Educ"},{"issue":"6","key":"pcbi.1008922.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.2307\/257034","article-title":"Teaching effectiveness in technology-mediated distance learning","volume":"40","author":"J Webster","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acad Manag J"},{"issue":"3","key":"pcbi.1008922.ref078","first-page":"175","article-title":"Building learning communities in cyberspace: Effective strategies for the online classroom","volume":"31","author":"RM Palloff","year":"2001","journal-title":"Can J High Educ"},{"key":"pcbi.1008922.ref079","first-page":"703","volume-title":"Momentum in online discussions: The effect of social presence on motivation for participation","author":"CM Weaver","year":"2005"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1008922.ref080","first-page":"5","article-title":"Interaction in post-secondary web-based learning","volume":"39","author":"ZL Berge","year":"1999","journal-title":"Educ Technol."},{"key":"pcbi.1008922.ref081","first-page":"463","article-title":"Online learners\u2019 preferences for interaction","author":"PT Northrup","year":"2009","journal-title":"The perfect online course: Best practices for designing and teaching"},{"issue":"6","key":"pcbi.1008922.ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1177\/1052562903257940","article-title":"Gardening in cyberspace: A metaphor to enhance online teaching and learning.","volume":"27","author":"GL May","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Manag Educ"},{"key":"pcbi.1008922.ref083","first-page":"105","article-title":"Factors related to success and satisfaction in online learning","author":"P Beffa-Negrini","year":"2002","journal-title":"Academic Exchange"},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1008922.ref084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.88.4.715","article-title":"Intrinsic motivation and the process of learning: Beneficial effects of contextualization, personalization, and choice","volume":"88","author":"DI Cordova","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Educ Psychol"},{"key":"pcbi.1008922.ref085","volume-title":"The virtual student: A profile and guide to working with online learners","author":"RM Palloff","year":"2003"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1008922.ref086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1080\/08886504.1999.10782621","article-title":"Is choice important in distance learning? A study of student motives for taking Internet-based courses at the high school and community college levels.","volume":"32","author":"MD Roblyer","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Res Comput Educ"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1008922.ref087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2729.1998.1420091.x","article-title":"Monitoring the on-line behaviour of distance learning students","volume":"14","author":"T Wilson","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Comput Assist Learn"},{"issue":"3","key":"pcbi.1008922.ref088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.47678\/cjhe.v33i3.183440","article-title":"A journey toward learner-centered curriculum","volume":"33","author":"C Emes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Canadian. J High Educ"},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1008922.ref089","first-page":"541","article-title":"A design framework for syllabus generator","volume":"19","author":"MH Abdous","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Interact Learn Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"pcbi.1008922.ref090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.3102\/0034654309333844","article-title":"A meta-analysis of three types of interaction treatments in distance education","volume":"79","author":"RM Bernard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev Educ Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1008922.ref091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2003.10.002","article-title":"A constructivist approach to online college learning","volume":"7","author":"AP Rovai","year":"2004","journal-title":"Internet High Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1008922.ref092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1007\/s12528-010-9040-5","article-title":"A process-oriented framework for acquiring online teaching competencies","volume":"23","author":"MH Abdous","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Comput High Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1008922.ref093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.3102\/00346543076001093","article-title":"Teaching courses online: A review of the research","volume":"76","author":"MK Tallent-Runnels","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rev Educ Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1008922.ref094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2012.01.006","article-title":"Characterizing communication networks in a web-based classroom: Cognitive styles and linguistic behavior of self-organizing groups in online discussions","volume":"59","author":"P Vercellone-Smith","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput Educ"},{"issue":"3","key":"pcbi.1008922.ref095","first-page":"158","article-title":"Computer-mediated communication in the university classroom: An experiment with on-line discussions","volume":"46","author":"SL Althaus","year":"1997"},{"issue":"6","key":"pcbi.1008922.ref096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1177\/1046496405281771","article-title":"The impact of role assignment on knowledge construction in asynchronous discussion groups: A multilevel analysis","volume":"36","author":"T Schellens","year":"2005","journal-title":"Small Group Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1008922.ref097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.4018\/jec.2005010102","article-title":"A meta-analysis of group side effects in electronic brainstorming: More heads are better than one.","volume":"1","author":"AR Dennis","year":"2005","journal-title":"International Journal of e-Collaboration (IJeC)."},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1008922.ref098","article-title":"Online groups and social loafing: Understanding student-group interactions.","volume":"8","author":"SL Piezon","year":"2005","journal-title":"Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration"},{"key":"pcbi.1008922.ref099","article-title":"Collaborative peer learning supports cognitive affordances of technologies.","author":"M Schulz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Global Learn. Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE)."},{"key":"pcbi.1008922.ref100","first-page":"27431","article-title":"Real-time economics: A new platform to track the impacts of COVID-19 on people, businesses, and communities using private sector data","volume":"2020","author":"R Chetty","journal-title":"NBER Working Paper"},{"issue":"7","key":"pcbi.1008922.ref101","first-page":"570","article-title":"University students online learning system during COVID -19 pandemic: Advantages, constraints and solutions","volume":"11","author":"E Fatonia NA Nurkhayatic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1008922.ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.383","article-title":"Student experiences of neurodiversity in higher education: insights from the BRAINHE project","volume":"15","author":"E Griffin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dyslexia"}],"container-title":["PLOS Computational Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1008922","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]],"date-time":"2022-12-27T08:08:46Z","timestamp":1672128526000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1008922"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Francis","family":"Ouellette","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]]},"references-count":102,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1008922","relation":{},"ISSN":["1553-7358"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-7358","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]]}}}