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We here applied a broadband flicker (1\u2013720 Hz) while measuring the MEG and then estimated the temporal response function (TRF) between the visual input and the MEG response. This TRF revealed an early response in the 40\u201360 Hz gamma range as well as in the 8\u201312 Hz alpha band. While the gamma band response is novel, the latter has been termed the alpha band perceptual echo. The gamma echo preceded the alpha perceptual echo. The dominant frequency of the gamma echo was subject-specific thereby reflecting the individual dynamical properties of the early visual cortex. To understand the neuronal mechanisms generating the gamma echo, we implemented a pyramidal-interneuron gamma (PING) model that produces gamma oscillations in the presence of constant input currents. Applying a broadband input current mimicking the visual stimulation allowed us to estimate TRF between the input current and the population response (akin to the local field potentials). The TRF revealed a gamma echo that was similar to the one we observed in the MEG data. Our results suggest that the visual gamma echo can be explained by the dynamics of the PING model even in the absence of sustained gamma oscillations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1009046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T16:40:05Z","timestamp":1622565605000},"page":"e1009046","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["The visual cortex produces gamma band echo in response to broadband visual flicker"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3359-5093","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alexander","family":"Zhigalov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7887-3395","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Katharina","family":"Duecker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8193-8348","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ole","family":"Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"pcbi.1009046.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3870","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.18-10-03870.1998","article-title":"The variable discharge of cortical neurons: Implications for connectivity, computation, and information coding","volume":"18","author":"MN Shadlen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"pcbi.1009046.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1668","article-title":"Neuronal variability: Noise or part of the signal?","volume":"6","author":"RB Stein","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"pcbi.1009046.ref003","volume-title":"Rate versus Temporal Coding Models. 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