{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T03:09:49Z","timestamp":1773889789855,"version":"3.50.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1009047","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,23]],"date-time":"2021-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624406400000}}],"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,11]],"date-time":"2021-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"EC","award":["H2020 PH-CODING (FETOPEN 829186)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H2020 PH-CODING (FETOPEN 829186)"]}]},{"name":"EC","award":["INTUITIVE (ITN 861166)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INTUITIVE (ITN 861166)"]}]},{"name":"EC","award":["REHYB (ICT 871767)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["REHYB (ICT 871767)"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["NINDS 1R56NS100528"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NINDS 1R56NS100528"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["NINDS R21NS120274"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NINDS R21NS120274"]}]},{"name":"French National Agency for Research","award":["ANR-19-CE33-0009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-19-CE33-0009"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ploscompbiol.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Comput Biol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human movements with or without vision exhibit timing (i.e. speed and duration) and variability characteristics which are not well captured by existing computational models. Here, we introduce a stochastic optimal feedforward-feedback control (SFFC) model that can predict the nominal timing and trial-by-trial variability of self-paced arm reaching movements carried out with or without online visual feedback of the hand. In SFFC, movement timing results from the minimization of the intrinsic factors of effort and variance due to constant and signal-dependent motor noise, and movement variability depends on the integration of visual feedback. Reaching arm movements data are used to examine the effect of online vision on movement timing and variability, and test the model. This modelling suggests that the central nervous system predicts the effects of sensorimotor noise to generate an optimal feedforward motor command, and triggers optimal feedback corrections to task-related errors based on the available limb state estimate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1009047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,11]],"date-time":"2021-06-11T17:43:57Z","timestamp":1623433437000},"page":"e1009047","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Stochastic optimal feedforward-feedback control determines timing and variability of arm movements with or without vision"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0779-7724","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bastien","family":"Berret","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6236-1958","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Adrien","family":"Conessa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3362-6088","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nicolas","family":"Schweighofer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Etienne","family":"Burdet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"pcbi.1009047.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(99)00028-8","article-title":"Internal models for motor control and trajectory planning","volume":"9","author":"M Kawato","year":"1999","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiol"},{"key":"pcbi.1009047.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858414541484","article-title":"Motor Planning","volume":"21","author":"AL Wong","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Neuroscientist: a review journal bringing neurobiology, neurology and psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"pcbi.1009047.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e24229","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0024229","article-title":"The CNS stochastically selects motor plan utilizing extrinsic and intrinsic representations","volume":"6","author":"J Kodl","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pcbi.1009047.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.robot.2012.09.024","article-title":"Motor planning explains human behaviour in tasks with multiple solutions","volume":"61","author":"G Gowrishankar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Robot Auton Syst"},{"issue":"24","key":"pcbi.1009047.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2006.10.051","article-title":"Neural correlates of internal-model loading","volume":"16","author":"LL Bursztyn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pcbi.1009047.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3130","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00307.2006","article-title":"Preparatory activity in premotor and motor cortex reflects the speed of the upcoming reach","volume":"96","author":"MM Churchland","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1009047.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-002-1012-1","article-title":"Imagined and actual arm movements have similar durations when performed under different conditions of direction and mass","volume":"143","author":"C Papaxanthis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Experimental brain research"},{"issue":"6695","key":"pcbi.1009047.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1038\/29528","article-title":"Signal-dependent noise determines motor planning","volume":"394","author":"CM Harris","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"9","key":"pcbi.1009047.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1309","article-title":"Optimality principles in sensorimotor control","volume":"7","author":"E Todorov","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"7","key":"pcbi.1009047.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1427","article-title":"Optimal feedback control and the neural basis of volitional motor control","volume":"5","author":"SH Scott","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"pcbi.1009047.ref011","article-title":"The coordination of movement: optimal feedback control and beyond","author":"J Diedrichsen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"pcbi.1009047.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2012.09.008","article-title":"The computational and neural basis of voluntary motor control and planning","volume":"16","author":"SH Scott","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends in cognitive sciences"},{"issue":"11","key":"pcbi.1009047.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1038\/nn963","article-title":"Optimal feedback control as a theory of motor coordination","volume":"5","author":"E Todorov","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"35","key":"pcbi.1009047.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9354","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1110-06.2007","article-title":"Evidence for the flexible sensorimotor strategies predicted by optimal feedback control","volume":"27","author":"D Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1009047.ref015","first-page":"2086","volume":"106","author":"B Berret","year":"2011","journal-title":"Manifold reaching paradigm: how do we handle target redundancy? J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"pcbi.1009047.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01089.2011","article-title":"Influence of the behavioral goal and environmental obstacles on rapid feedback responses","volume":"108","author":"JY Nashed","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of neurophysiology"},{"issue":"7","key":"pcbi.1009047.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1688","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.05-07-01688.1985","article-title":"The coordination of arm movements: an experimentally confirmed mathematical model","volume":"5","author":"T Flash","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1009047.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00204593","article-title":"Formation and control of optimal trajectory in human multijoint arm movement. Minimum torque-change model","volume":"61","author":"Y Uno","year":"1989","journal-title":"Biol Cybern"},{"issue":"5","key":"pcbi.1009047.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1162\/0899766053491887","article-title":"Stochastic optimal control and estimation methods adapted to the noise characteristics of the sensorimotor system","volume":"17","author":"E Todorov","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neural Comput"},{"issue":"6","key":"pcbi.1009047.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3875","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00751.2005","article-title":"An optimization principle for determining movement duration","volume":"95","author":"H Tanaka","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"pcbi.1009047.ref021","unstructured":"Huh D, Todorov E, Sejnowski TJ. Infinite horizon optimal control framework for goal directed movements. In: Society for Neuroscience Annual Meeting, Online: Program No. 492.411; 2010."},{"issue":"3","key":"pcbi.1009047.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1162\/NECO_a_00410","article-title":"Movement duration, Fitts\u2019s law, and an infinite-horizon optimal feedback control model for biological motor systems","volume":"25","author":"N Qian","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neural Comput"},{"issue":"6","key":"pcbi.1009047.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2010.08.017","article-title":"Control of movements and temporal discounting of reward","volume":"20","author":"R Shadmehr","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"pcbi.1009047.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002716","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1002716","article-title":"A model of reward- and effort-based optimal decision making and motor control","volume":"8","author":"L Rigoux","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1009047.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1921-15.2016","article-title":"Why Don\u2019t We Move Slower? The Value of Time in the Neural Control of Action","volume":"36","author":"B Berret","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"pcbi.1009047.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2016.05.065","article-title":"A Representation of Effort in Decision-Making and Motor Control","volume":"26","author":"R Shadmehr","year":"2016","journal-title":"Current biology: CB"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1009047.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-28979-6","article-title":"Vigour of self-paced reaching movement: cost of time and individual traits","volume":"8","author":"B Berret","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pcbi.1009047.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2019.02.003","article-title":"Movement Vigor as a Reflection of Subjective Economic Utility","volume":"42","author":"R Shadmehr","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends in neurosciences"},{"issue":"5","key":"pcbi.1009047.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858419841553","article-title":"The Urge to Decide and Act: Implications for Brain Function and Dysfunction","volume":"25","author":"MA Carland","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Neuroscientist"},{"key":"pcbi.1009047.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shadmehr R, Ahmed AA. Vigor: Neuroeconomics of Movement Control. MIT Press; 2020. Available from: https:\/\/books.google.fr\/books?id=1dfuygEACAAJ.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X20000667"},{"issue":"5","key":"pcbi.1009047.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2342","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00148.2016","article-title":"The duration of reaching movement is longer than predicted by minimum variance","volume":"116","author":"C Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1009047.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2070","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002070","article-title":"Saccadic eye movements minimize the consequences of motor noise","volume":"3","author":"RJ van Beers","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pcbi.1009047.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108874","DOI":"10.1016\/j.automatica.2020.108874","article-title":"Efficient computation of optimal open-loop controls for stochastic systems","volume":"115","author":"B Berret","year":"2020","journal-title":"Automatica J IFAC"},{"key":"pcbi.1009047.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1007414","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1007414","article-title":"Stochastic optimal open-loop control as a theory of force and impedance planning via muscle co-contraction","volume":"16","author":"B Berret","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1009047.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00652.2003","article-title":"The role of execution noise in movement variability","volume":"91","author":"RJ van Beers","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1009047.ref036","first-page":"112","article-title":"Accuracy of planar reaching movements. II. Systematic extent errors resulting from inertial anisotropy","volume":"99","author":"J Gordon","year":"1994","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"pcbi.1009047.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.1971.1099818","article-title":"The Role and Use of the Stochastic Linear-Quadratic-Gaussian Problem in Control System Design","volume":"16","author":"M Athans","year":"1971","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Autom Control"},{"key":"pcbi.1009047.ref038","volume-title":"Optimal Control and Estimation. Dover books on advanced mathematics","author":"RF Stengel","year":"1986"},{"key":"pcbi.1009047.ref039","volume-title":"Stochastic models, estimation, and control","author":"PS Maybeck","year":"1982"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1009047.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/1731022.1731032","article-title":"Algorithm 902: GPOPS, A MATLAB software for solving multiple-phase optimal control problems using the gauss pseudospectral method","volume":"37","author":"AV Rao","year":"2010","journal-title":"ACM Trans Math Software"},{"issue":"31","key":"pcbi.1009047.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10507","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1343-10.2010","article-title":"Temporal discounting of reward and the cost of time in motor control","volume":"30","author":"R Shadmehr","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"9","key":"pcbi.1009047.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1080\/00207170701364913","article-title":"Iterative linearization methods for approximately optimal control and estimation of non-linear stochastic system","volume":"80","author":"W Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Control"},{"key":"pcbi.1009047.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1995.73.1.361","article-title":"Impairments of reaching movements in patients without proprioception. II. Effects of visual information on accuracy","volume":"73","author":"C Ghez","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"pcbi.1009047.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1995.73.1.347","article-title":"Impairments of reaching movements in patients without proprioception. I. Spatial errors","volume":"73","author":"J Gordon","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"pcbi.1009047.ref045","article-title":"Visually-updated hand state estimates modulate the proprioceptive reflex independently of motor task requirements","volume":"9","author":"S Ito","year":"2020","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"pcbi.1009047.ref046","volume-title":"The Accuracy of Voluntary Movement. Columbia University contributions to philosophy, psychology and education","author":"RS Woodworth","year":"1899"},{"key":"pcbi.1009047.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Todorov E. 12. In: Optimal control theory. Bayesian Brain: Probabilistic Approaches to Neural Coding, Doya K (ed); 2006. p. 269\u2013298.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9780262042383.003.0012"},{"key":"pcbi.1009047.ref048","first-page":"105","volume-title":"Optimality and Modularity in Human Movement: From Optimal Control to Muscle Synergies","author":"B Berret","year":"2019"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1009047.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00339982","article-title":"Physical principles for economies of skilled movements","volume":"46","author":"WL Nelson","year":"1983","journal-title":"Biol Cybern"},{"issue":"10","key":"pcbi.1009047.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002183","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1002183","article-title":"Evidence for composite cost functions in arm movement planning: an inverse optimal control approach","volume":"7","author":"B Berret","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1009047.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00290.2006","article-title":"Computational motor control: redundancy and invariance","volume":"97","author":"E Guigon","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1009047.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1482-12.2013","article-title":"A common optimization principle for motor execution in healthy subjects and parkinsonian patients","volume":"33","author":"P Baraduc","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"pcbi.1009047.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8831","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1608724113","article-title":"Conservation law for self-paced movements","volume":"113","author":"D Huh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"6","key":"pcbi.1009047.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1037\/h0055392","article-title":"The information capacity of the human motor system in controlling the amplitude of movement","volume":"47","author":"PM Fitts","year":"1954","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1009047.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.3200\/JMBR.41.4.339-346","article-title":"Target-directed movements at a comfortable pace: movement duration and Fitts\u2019s law","volume":"41","author":"SJ Young","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Mot Behav"},{"key":"pcbi.1009047.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00198466","article-title":"A model of duration in normal and perturbed reaching movement","author":"B Hoff","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biol Cybern"},{"key":"pcbi.1009047.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2798-13.2014","article-title":"Vigor of movements and the cost of time in decision making","volume":"34","author":"JES Choi","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Journal of neuroscience: the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1009047.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00033.2018","article-title":"Movement vigor as a traitlike attribute of individuality","volume":"120","author":"TR Reppert","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"pcbi.1009047.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00344.2019","article-title":"Vigor of reaching, walking, and gazing movements: on the consistency of interindividual differences","volume":"123","author":"O Labaune","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"pcbi.1009047.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-001-0928-1","article-title":"Modulation of saccadic eye movements by predicted reward outcome","volume":"142","author":"Y Takikawa","year":"2002","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"pcbi.1009047.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15369","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2621-15.2015","article-title":"Modulation of Saccade Vigor during Value-Based Decision Making","volume":"35","author":"TR Reppert","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Journal of neuroscience: the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience"},{"key":"pcbi.1009047.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2015.05.038","article-title":"Reward Pays the Cost of Noise Reduction in Motor and Cognitive Control","volume":"25","author":"SG Manohar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Current biology: CB"},{"issue":"3","key":"pcbi.1009047.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00364149","article-title":"A hierarchical neural-network model for control and learning of voluntary movement","volume":"57","author":"M Kawato","year":"1987","journal-title":"Biol Cybern"},{"issue":"44","key":"pcbi.1009047.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11165","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3099-08.2008","article-title":"CNS learns stable, accurate, and efficient movements using a simple algorithm","volume":"28","author":"DW Franklin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of neuroscience"},{"issue":"10","key":"pcbi.1009047.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e45075","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0045075","article-title":"Generalization in adaptation to stable and unstable dynamics","volume":"7","author":"A Kadiallah","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS one"},{"issue":"6862","key":"pcbi.1009047.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1038\/35106566","article-title":"The central nervous system stabilizes unstable dynamics by learning optimal impedance","volume":"414","author":"E Burdet","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"29","key":"pcbi.1009047.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7705","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0968-07.2007","article-title":"Endpoint stiffness of the arm is directionally tuned to instability in the environment","volume":"27","author":"DW Franklin","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"5232","key":"pcbi.1009047.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1880","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7569931","article-title":"An internal model for sensorimotor integration","volume":"269","author":"DM Wolpert","year":"1995","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1009047.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2187","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00096.2015","article-title":"Learning feedback and feedforward control in a mirror-reversed visual environment","volume":"114","author":"S Kasuga","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"pcbi.1009047.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1003869","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1003869","article-title":"Beyond Muscles Stiffness: Importance of State-Estimation to Account for Very Fast Motor Corrections","volume":"10","author":"F Crevecoeur","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Computational Biology"},{"issue":"33","key":"pcbi.1009047.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8598","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0184-16.2016","article-title":"Dynamic Multisensory Integration: Somatosensory Speed Trumps Visual Accuracy during Feedback Control","volume":"36","author":"F Crevecoeur","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"pcbi.1009047.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2016.04.027","article-title":"On the nature of motor planning variables during arm pointing movement: Compositeness and speed dependence","volume":"328","author":"VH Vu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1009047.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1123\/mcj.6.1.69","article-title":"An Evaluation of the Minimum-Jerk and Minimum Torque-Change Principles at the Path, Trajectory, and Movement-Cost Levels","volume":"6","author":"MD Klein Breteler","year":"2002","journal-title":"Motor Control"},{"issue":"8","key":"pcbi.1009047.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1109\/10.310091","article-title":"Muscle stiffness during transient and continuous movements of cat muscle: perturbation characteristics and physiological relevance","volume":"41","author":"RF Kirsch","year":"1994","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering"},{"issue":"44","key":"pcbi.1009047.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11360","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3063-08.2008","article-title":"On-line processing of uncertain information in visuomotor control","volume":"28","author":"J Izawa","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"pcbi.1009047.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1163\/156856897X00357","article-title":"The Psychophysics Toolbox","volume":"10","author":"DH Brainard","year":"1997","journal-title":"Spat Vis"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1009047","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,23]],"date-time":"2021-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624406400000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Computational Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1009047","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]],"date-time":"2022-12-30T21:07:47Z","timestamp":1672434467000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1009047"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Ulrik R.","family":"Beierholm","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,11]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1009047","relation":{"new_version":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1009047","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1553-7358"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-7358","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,11]]}}}