{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T19:55:27Z","timestamp":1782417327492,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,26]],"date-time":"2021-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004431","name":"fondation de france","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["106059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["106059"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004431","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007241","name":"universit\u00e9 paris-saclay","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["AAP Covid-19 2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AAP Covid-19 2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007241","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004524","name":"Minist\u00e8re de l\u2019Enseignement Sup\u00e9rieur, de la Recherche, de la Science et de la Technologie","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Fonds d\u2019urgence MESRI Covid19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Fonds d\u2019urgence MESRI Covid19"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004524","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ploscompbiol.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Comput Biol"],"abstract":"The COVID-19 epidemic has forced most countries to impose contact-limiting restrictions at workplaces, universities, schools, and more broadly in our societies. Yet, the effectiveness of these unprecedented interventions in containing the virus spread remain largely unquantified. Here, we develop a simulation study to analyze COVID-19 outbreaks on three real-life contact networks stemming from a workplace, a primary school and a high school in France.<\/jats:p>\n \n Our study provides a fine-grained analysis of the impact of contact-limiting strategies at workplaces, schools and high schools, including: (1) Rotating strategies, in which workers are evenly split into two shifts that alternate on a daily or weekly basis; and (2) On-Off strategies, where the whole group alternates periods of normal work interactions with complete telecommuting. We model epidemics spread in these different setups using a stochastic discrete-time agent-based transmission model that includes the coronavirus most salient features: super-spreaders, infectious asymptomatic individuals, and pre-symptomatic infectious periods. Our study yields clear results: the ranking of the strategies, based on their ability to mitigate epidemic propagation in the network from a first index case, is the same for all network topologies (workplace, primary school and high school). Namely, from best to worst: Rotating week-by-week, Rotating day-by-day, On-Off week-by-week, and On-Off day-by-day. Moreover, our results show that below a certain threshold for the original local reproduction number\n \n \n \n \n \n R<\/mml:mi>\n 0<\/mml:mn>\n \n l<\/mml:mi>\n o<\/mml:mi>\n c<\/mml:mi>\n a<\/mml:mi>\n l<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msubsup>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n within the network (< 1.52 for primary schools, < 1.30 for the workplace, < 1.38 for the high school, and < 1.55 for the random graph), all four strategies efficiently control outbreak by decreasing effective local reproduction number to\n \n \n \n \n \n R<\/mml:mi>\n 0<\/mml:mn>\n \n l<\/mml:mi>\n o<\/mml:mi>\n c<\/mml:mi>\n a<\/mml:mi>\n l<\/mml:mi>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:msubsup>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:alternatives>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n < 1. These results can provide guidance for public health decisions related to telecommuting.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1009264","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,26]],"date-time":"2021-08-26T13:26:04Z","timestamp":1629984364000},"page":"e1009264","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Mitigating COVID-19 outbreaks in workplaces and schools by hybrid telecommuting"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4080-3118","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Simon","family":"Mauras","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Cohen-Addad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6795-9545","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Guillaume","family":"Duboc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Max","family":"Dupr\u00e9 la Tour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0962-3119","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Paolo","family":"Frasca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0517-112X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Claire","family":"Mathieu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8348-700X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lulla","family":"Opatowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3657-6979","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Laurent","family":"Viennot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"pcbi.1009264.ref001","first-page":"1","article-title":"Modelling the COVID-19 epidemic and implementation of population-wide interventions in Italy","author":"G Giordano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature Medicine"},{"key":"pcbi.1009264.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malani A, Soman S, Asher S, Novosad P, Imbert C, Tandel V, et al. Adaptive control of COVID-19 outbreaks in India: Local, gradual, and trigger-based exit paths from lockdown. National Bureau of Economic Research; 2020.","DOI":"10.3386\/w27532"},{"key":"pcbi.1009264.ref003","unstructured":"Ely J, Galeotti A, Steiner J. Rotation as Contagion Mitigation. CEPR Discussion Paper No DP14953. 2020."},{"issue":"3","key":"pcbi.1009264.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1109\/LCSYS.2020.3009912","article-title":"Can the COVID-19 Epidemic Be Controlled on the Basis of Daily Test Reports?","volume":"5","author":"F Casella","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Control Systems Letters"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1009264.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18827-5","article-title":"A network model of Italy shows that intermittent regional strategies can alleviate the COVID-19 epidemic","volume":"11","author":"F Della Rossa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"pcbi.1009264.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physd.2020.132753","article-title":"Planning of school teaching during Covid-19","volume":"415","author":"A Gandolfi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena"},{"issue":"5","key":"pcbi.1009264.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(20)30095-X","article-title":"School closure and management practices during coronavirus outbreaks including COVID-19: a rapid systematic review","volume":"4","author":"RM Viner","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health"},{"issue":"29","key":"pcbi.1009264.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.29.2001352","article-title":"A large COVID-19 outbreak in a high school 10 days after schools\u2019 reopening, Israel, May 2020","volume":"25","author":"C Stein-Zamir","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1009264.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-018-0140-1","article-title":"Can co-location be used as a proxy for face-to-face contacts?","volume":"7","author":"M G\u00e9nois","year":"2018","journal-title":"EPJ Data Science"},{"key":"pcbi.1009264.ref010","article-title":"Epidemiology and transmission dynamics of COVID-19 in two Indian states","author":"R Laxminarayan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"240","key":"pcbi.1009264.ref011","article-title":"Impact of lockdown on COVID-19 epidemic in Ile-de-France and possible exit strategies","volume":"18","author":"L Di Domenico","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"pcbi.1009264.ref012","article-title":"The incubation period of 2019-nCoV from publicly reported confirmed cases: estimation and application","author":"SA Lauer","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"pcbi.1009264.ref013","unstructured":"Flaxman S, Mishra S, Gandy A, et al. Estimating the number of infections and the impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions on COVID-19 in 11 European countries. Imperial College London (30-03-2020)."},{"issue":"8","key":"pcbi.1009264.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-039856","article-title":"Inferred duration of infectious period of SARS-CoV-2: rapid scoping review and analysis of available evidence for asymptomatic and symptomatic COVID-19 cases","volume":"10","author":"AW Byrne","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"9","key":"pcbi.1009264.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1003346","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003346","article-title":"Occurrence and transmission potential of asymptomatic and presymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections: A living systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"D Buitrago-Garcia","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1009264.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-014-0695-9","article-title":"Mitigation of infectious disease at school: targeted class closure vs school closure","volume":"14","author":"V Gemmetto","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC infectious diseases"},{"issue":"8","key":"pcbi.1009264.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23176","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0023176","article-title":"High-Resolution Measurements of Face-to-Face Contact Patterns in a Primary School","volume":"6","author":"J Stehl\u00e9","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"pcbi.1009264.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1017\/nws.2015.10","article-title":"Data on face-to-face contacts in an office building suggests a low-cost vaccination strategy based on community linkers","volume":"3","author":"M G\u00e9nois","year":"2015","journal-title":"Network Science"},{"issue":"9","key":"pcbi.1009264.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e107878","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0107878","article-title":"Contact Patterns among High School Students","volume":"9","author":"J Fournet","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"pcbi.1009264.ref020","article-title":"Model-driven mitigation measures for reopening schools during the COVID-19 pandemic","author":"RS McGee","year":"2021","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"pcbi.1009264.ref021","article-title":"Prevalence of Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Narrative Review","author":"DP Oran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annals of Internal Medicine"},{"key":"pcbi.1009264.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.03.020","article-title":"Estimation of the asymptomatic ratio of novel coronavirus infections (COVID-19)","volume":"94","author":"H Nishiura","year":"2020","journal-title":"International journal of infectious diseases"},{"issue":"17","key":"pcbi.1009264.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000257","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.17.2000257","article-title":"Estimating the generation interval for coronavirus disease (COVID-19) based on symptom onset data, March 2020","volume":"25","author":"T Ganyani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"pcbi.1009264.ref024","article-title":"Epidemiology and transmission of COVID-19 in 391 cases and 1286 of their close contacts in Shenzhen, China: a retrospective cohort study","author":"Q Bi","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Lancet Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"67","key":"pcbi.1009264.ref025","article-title":"Estimating the overdispersion in COVID-19 transmission using outbreak sizes outside China","volume":"5","author":"A Endo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Research"},{"key":"pcbi.1009264.ref026","article-title":"Clustering and superspreading potential of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections in Hong Kong","author":"D Adam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1009264.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.4.2000058","article-title":"Pattern of early human-to-human transmission of Wuhan 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), December 2019 to January 2020","volume":"25","author":"J Riou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"pcbi.1009264.ref028","unstructured":"Althouse BM, Wenger EA, Miller JC, Scarpino SV, Allard A, H\u00e9bert-Dufresne L, et al. Stochasticity and heterogeneity in the transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2. arXiv preprint arXiv:200513689. 2020."},{"key":"pcbi.1009264.ref029","article-title":"Why do some COVID-19 patients infect many others, whereas most don\u2019t spread the virus at all","volume":"10","author":"K Kupferschmidt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"pcbi.1009264.ref030","article-title":"A Conceptual Discussion about R0 of SARS-COV-2 in Healthcare Settings","author":"L Temime","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"pcbi.1009264.ref031","article-title":"Adaptive cyclic exit strategies from lockdown to suppress COVID-19 and allow economic activity","author":"O Karin","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"pcbi.1009264.ref032","unstructured":"Venezuela Tightens Quarantine in COVID-19 Hotspots amid Record Daily Case Count; 2020. https:\/\/venezuelanalysis.com\/news\/14924."},{"key":"pcbi.1009264.ref033","unstructured":"CDC Activities and Initiatives Supporting the COVID-19 Response and the President\u2019s Plan for Opening America Up Again; 2020. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/downloads\/php\/CDC-Activities-Initiatives-for-COVID-19-Response.pdf."},{"issue":"6","key":"pcbi.1009264.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01334-5","article-title":"Modeling vaccination rollouts, SARS-CoV-2 variants and the requirement for non-pharmaceutical interventions in Italy","volume":"27","author":"G Giordano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature Medicine"},{"key":"pcbi.1009264.ref035","unstructured":"Alon U, Baron T, Bar-On Y, Cornfeld O, Milo R, Yashiv E, et al. COVID-19: Looking for the Exit. working paper; 2020."},{"issue":"3","key":"pcbi.1009264.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1004170","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1004170","article-title":"Detailed contact data and the dissemination of Staphylococcus aureus in hospitals","volume":"11","author":"T Obadia","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"issue":"108","key":"pcbi.1009264.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20150279","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2015.0279","article-title":"The role of heterogeneity in contact timing and duration in network models of influenza spread in schools","volume":"12","author":"DJ Toth","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of The Royal Society Interface"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1009264.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-11-35","article-title":"A low-cost method to assess the epidemiological importance of individuals in controlling infectious disease outbreaks","volume":"11","author":"T Smieszek","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC medicine"},{"issue":"51","key":"pcbi.1009264.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22020","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1009094108","article-title":"A high-resolution human contact network for infectious disease transmission","volume":"107","author":"M Salath\u00e9","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"pcbi.1009264.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang SL, Harding N, Zachreson C, Cliff OM, Prokopenko M. Modelling transmission and control of the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia; 2020.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19393-6"},{"key":"pcbi.1009264.ref041","article-title":"Network interventions for managing the COVID-19 pandemic and sustaining economy","author":"A Nishi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1009264.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-020-01866-6","article-title":"Optimizing COVID-19 surveillance in long-term care facilities: a modelling study","volume":"18","author":"DR Smith","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC medicine"}],"container-title":["PLOS Computational Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1009264","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,26]],"date-time":"2021-08-26T13:27:01Z","timestamp":1629984421000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1009264"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Roger Dimitri","family":"Kouyos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,26]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,26]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1009264","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2020.11.09.20228007","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1553-7358"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-7358","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,26]]}}}