{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T11:40:54Z","timestamp":1767181254666,"version":"build-2238731810"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1009361","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,4]],"date-time":"2021-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633305600000}}],"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,22]],"date-time":"2021-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632268800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007601","name":"Horizon 2020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["764738"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["764738"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007601","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ploscompbiol.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Comput Biol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    We propose a novel, two-degree of freedom mathematical model of mechanical vibrations of the heart that generates heart sounds in CircAdapt, a complete real-time model of the cardiovascular system. Heart sounds during rest, exercise, biventricular (BiVHF), left ventricular (LVHF) and right ventricular heart failure (RVHF) were simulated to examine model functionality in various conditions. Simulated and experimental heart sound components showed both qualitative and quantitative agreements in terms of heart sound morphology, frequency, and timing. Rate of left ventricular pressure (LV dp\/dt\n                    <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) and first heart sound (S1) amplitude were proportional with exercise level. The relation of the second heart sound (S2) amplitude with exercise level was less significant. BiVHF resulted in amplitude reduction of S1. LVHF resulted in reverse splitting of S2 and an amplitude reduction of only the left-sided heart sound components, whereas RVHF resulted in a prolonged splitting of S2 and only a mild amplitude reduction of the right-sided heart sound components. In conclusion, our hemodynamics-driven mathematical model provides fast and realistic simulations of heart sounds under various conditions and may be helpful to find new indicators for diagnosis and prognosis of cardiac diseases.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>New &amp; noteworthy<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To the best of our knowledge, this is the first hemodynamic-based heart sound generation model embedded in a complete real-time computational model of the cardiovascular system. Simulated heart sounds are similar to experimental and clinical measurements, both quantitatively and qualitatively. Our model can be used to investigate the relationships between heart sound acoustic features and hemodynamic factors\/anatomical parameters.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1009361","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,22]],"date-time":"2021-09-22T14:39:11Z","timestamp":1632321551000},"page":"e1009361","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Hemodynamics-driven mathematical model of first and second heart sound generation"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9928-1839","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mehrdad","family":"Shahmohammadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hongxing","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Philip","family":"Westphal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Richard N.","family":"Cornelussen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Frits W.","family":"Prinzen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6897-9700","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tammo","family":"Delhaas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"pcbi.1009361.ref001","article-title":"Analyse des bruits du c\u0153ur; th\u00e8se pr\u00e9sent\u00e9e et soutenue \u00e0 la Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine de Paris, le 31 ao\u00fbt 1832; par J","author":"JR Rouanet","year":"1832","journal-title":"Rouanet"},{"issue":"5","key":"pcbi.1009361.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1933.00150240096007","article-title":"Mode of production of the first heart sound","volume":"51","author":"W. Dock","year":"1933","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"pcbi.1009361.ref003","first-page":"1357","author":"BHL SMITH","year":"1950","journal-title":"A study of the movements of heart valves and of heart sounds"},{"key":"pcbi.1009361.ref004","volume-title":"Cardiac diagnosis; a physiologic approach.","author":"RF Rushmer","year":"1955"},{"issue":"7","key":"pcbi.1009361.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1004284","article-title":"Fast simulation of mechanical heterogeneity in the electrically asynchronous heart using the multiPatch module","volume":"11","author":"J Walmsley","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"key":"pcbi.1009361.ref006","article-title":"Mechanical vibrations","volume":"4","author":"SS Rao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prentice hall Upper Saddle River"},{"key":"pcbi.1009361.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-72935-0_1","article-title":"An introduction to continuum mechanics","volume":"4","author":"E Cueto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Structural Integrity"},{"key":"pcbi.1009361.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3105","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2009.5332548","article-title":"A computational model of cardiovascular physiology and heart sound generation.","author":"RL Watrous","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc 31st Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc Eng Futur Biomed EMBC 2009"},{"key":"pcbi.1009361.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1931","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2005.1561662","article-title":"Propagation of spontaneously actuated pulsive vibration in human heart wall and in vivo viscoelasticity estimation","volume":"52","author":"H. Kanai","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control"},{"key":"pcbi.1009361.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.66.5.1413","article-title":"In vivo viscoelastic behavior in the human aorta","volume":"66","author":"T Imura","year":"1990","journal-title":"Circulation Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1009361.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-010-4210-6","article-title":"A combined experimental and modelling approach to aortic valve viscoelasticity in tensile deformation","volume":"22","author":"A Anssari-Benam","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Mater Sci Mater Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"pcbi.1009361.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(79)90145-3","article-title":"One-dimensional model of diastolic semilunar valve vibrations productive of heart sounds","volume":"12","author":"EF Blick","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1009361.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02446142","article-title":"Spectral analysis and acoustic transmission of mitral and aortic valve closure sounds in dogs","volume":"28","author":"L-G Durand","year":"1990","journal-title":"Med Biol Eng Comput"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1009361.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.118.010903","article-title":"Relative impact of right ventricular electromechanical dyssynchrony versus pulmonary regurgitation on right ventricular dysfunction and exercise intolerance in patients after repair of tetralogy of fallot","volume":"8","author":"J Lumens","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"issue":"12","key":"pcbi.1009361.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2181","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/37\/12\/2181","article-title":"An open access database for the evaluation of heart sound algorithms","volume":"37","author":"C Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiol Meas"},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1009361.ref016","first-page":"822","article-title":"Logistic regression-HSMM-based heart sound segmentation","volume":"63","author":"DB Springer","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"key":"pcbi.1009361.ref017","first-page":"621","volume-title":"2016 computing in cardiology conference (CinC)","author":"C Potes","year":"2016"},{"key":"pcbi.1009361.ref018","first-page":"1","author":"J. Hutchins","year":"2015","edition":"3"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1009361.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(71)90363-8","article-title":"The second heart sound in normal and abnormal conditions","volume":"28","author":"AA Luisada","year":"1971","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1009361.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(61)90517-8","article-title":"Analysis of heart motion with ultrasonic Doppler method and its clinical application.","volume":"61","author":"T Yoshida","year":"1961","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1009361.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.51.1.88","article-title":"The echocardiogram of the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve. Correlation with hemodynamic and cineroentgenographic studies in dogs","volume":"51","author":"GM Pohost","year":"1975","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1009361.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.66.1.235","article-title":"The relationship of the first heart sound to mitral valve closure in dogs","volume":"66","author":"LF Wexler","year":"1982","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"pcbi.1009361.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-59745-023-2","volume-title":"The Art and Science of Cardiac Physical Examination","author":"N Ranganathan","year":"2007"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1009361.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(71)90365-1","article-title":"The second heart sound in atrial septal defect","volume":"28","author":"S Kumar","year":"1971","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pcbi.1009361.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(75)90461-5","article-title":"Amplitude of the first heart sound at rest and during exercise in normal subjects and in patients with coronary heart disease","volume":"90","author":"SA Bergman","year":"1975","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1009361.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.16.1.45","article-title":"Hemodynamic determinants of the amplitude of the first heart sound","volume":"16","author":"T Sakamoto","year":"1965","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"pcbi.1009361.ref027","first-page":"639","author":"D. Mazumdar J","year":"1984","journal-title":"Woodard-Knight. A mathematical study of semilunar valve vibration"},{"key":"pcbi.1009361.ref028","first-page":"831","author":"D. Sikarskie","year":"1984","journal-title":"A mathematical model of aortic valve vibration"},{"key":"pcbi.1009361.ref029","first-page":"2888","article-title":"Model-based analysis of effects of systolic blood pressure on frequency characteristics of the second heart sound","author":"X Zhang","year":"2006"},{"issue":"3","key":"pcbi.1009361.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2007.07.018","article-title":"Heart sound as a biometric","volume":"41","author":"K Phua","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1009361","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,4]],"date-time":"2021-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633305600000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Computational Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1009361","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,4]],"date-time":"2021-10-04T18:38:29Z","timestamp":1633372709000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1009361"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Alison L.","family":"Marsden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,22]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,22]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1009361","relation":{},"ISSN":["1553-7358"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-7358","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,22]]}}}