{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T23:32:29Z","timestamp":1780097549639,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":142,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,6]],"date-time":"2021-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633478400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001843","name":"Science and Engineering Research Board","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001843","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008628","name":"Ministry of Electronics and Information technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008628","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011067","name":"Indian Institute of Technology Mandi","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011067","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008209","name":"University at Buffalo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CGHE seed funding"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CGHE seed funding"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008209","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"LabEx NUMEV"},{"name":"LabEx NUMEV"},{"name":"LabEx NUMEV"},{"name":"LabEx NUMEV"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ploscompbiol.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Comput Biol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been shown to evoke hemodynamics response; however, the mechanisms have not been investigated systematically using systems biology approaches. Our study presents a grey-box linear model that was developed from a physiologically detailed multi-compartmental neurovascular unit model consisting of the vascular smooth muscle, perivascular space, synaptic space, and astrocyte glial cell. Then, model linearization was performed on the physiologically detailed nonlinear model to find appropriate complexity (Akaike information criterion) to fit functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) based measure of blood volume changes, called cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR), to high-definition (HD) tDCS. The grey-box linear model was applied on the fNIRS-based CVR during the first 150 seconds of anodal HD-tDCS in eleven healthy humans. The grey-box linear models for each of the four nested pathways starting from tDCS scalp current density that perturbed synaptic potassium released from active neurons for Pathway 1, astrocytic transmembrane current for Pathway 2, perivascular potassium concentration for Pathway 3, and voltage-gated ion channel current on the smooth muscle cell for Pathway 4 were fitted to the total hemoglobin concentration (tHb) changes from optodes in the vicinity of 4x1 HD-tDCS electrodes as well as on the contralateral sensorimotor cortex. We found that the tDCS perturbation Pathway 3 presented the least mean square error (MSE, median &lt;2.5%) and the lowest Akaike information criterion (AIC, median -1.726) from the individual grey-box linear model fitting at the targeted-region. Then, minimal realization transfer function with reduced-order approximations of the grey-box model pathways was fitted to the ensemble average tHb time series. Again, Pathway 3 with nine poles and two zeros (all free parameters), provided the best Goodness of Fit of 0.0078 for Chi-Square difference test of nested pathways. Therefore, our study provided a systems biology approach to investigate the initial transient hemodynamic response to tDCS based on fNIRS tHb data. Future studies need to investigate the steady-state responses, including steady-state oscillations found to be driven by calcium dynamics, where transcranial alternating current stimulation may provide frequency-dependent physiological entrainment for system identification. We postulate that such a mechanistic understanding from system identification of the hemodynamics response to transcranial electrical stimulation can facilitate adequate delivery of the current density to the neurovascular tissue under simultaneous portable imaging in various cerebrovascular diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1009386","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,6]],"date-time":"2021-10-06T15:11:51Z","timestamp":1633533111000},"page":"e1009386","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Grey-box modeling and hypothesis testing of functional near-infrared spectroscopy-based cerebrovascular reactivity to anodal high-definition tDCS in healthy humans"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yashika","family":"Arora","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pushpinder","family":"Walia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6179-5706","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mitsuhiro","family":"Hayashibe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0073-9211","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Makii","family":"Muthalib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1878-6657","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shubhajit Roy","family":"Chowdhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8741-629X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Stephane","family":"Perrey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7298-9773","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anirban","family":"Dutta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2017.48","article-title":"Cerebral blood flow regulation and neurovascular dysfunction in Alzheimer disease","volume":"18","author":"K Kisler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.6.5.564","article-title":"A classification and outline of cerebrovascular diseases.","volume":"6","year":"1975","journal-title":"II. Stroke"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"m3692","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m3692","article-title":"A new dawn of preventing dementia by preventing cerebrovascular diseases","volume":"371","author":"Y Pan","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e042236","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.042236","article-title":"Estimating the global mortality from Alzheimer\u2019s disease and other dementias: A new method and results from the Global Burden of Disease study 2019.","volume":"16","author":"E Nichols","year":"2020","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s & Dementia."},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.06.018","article-title":"Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on human regional cerebral blood flow.","volume":"58","author":"X Zheng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref006","first-page":"823525","article-title":"Regulation of cerebral blood flow","volume":"2011","author":"EC Peterson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Vasc Med"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2015.00054","article-title":"Direct electric stimulation to increase cerebrovascular function.","volume":"9","author":"VM Pulgar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Syst Neurosci."},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2015.00107","article-title":"Bidirectional interactions between neuronal and hemodynamic responses to transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS): challenges for brain-state dependent tDCS.","volume":"9","author":"A. Dutta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Syst Neurosci"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24901","article-title":"Current intensity- and polarity-specific online and aftereffects of transcranial direct current stimulation: An fMRI study","volume":"41","author":"A Jamil","year":"2020","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.11.012","article-title":"Rapid, Dose-Dependent Enhancement of Cerebral Blood Flow by transcranial AC Stimulation in Mouse.","volume":"14","author":"DA Turner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Stimulation"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(03)00403-3","article-title":"Coupling of total hemoglobin concentration, oxygenation, and neural activity in rat somatosensory cortex","volume":"39","author":"A Devor","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2012.210","article-title":"The vascular neural network\u2014a new paradigm in stroke pathophysiology","volume":"8","author":"JH Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e60533","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.60533","article-title":"nNOS-expressing interneurons control basal and behaviorally evoked arterial dilation in somatosensory cortex of mice","volume":"9","author":"CT Echagarruga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.06.046","article-title":"Vascular density and distribution in neocortex.","volume":"197","author":"F Schmid","year":"2019","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref015","article-title":"Neurocapillary-Modulation.","author":"N Khadka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E855","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10110855","article-title":"Individual Cerebral Blood Flow Responses to Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation at Various Intensities.","volume":"10","author":"CD Workman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858410386614","article-title":"Physiological Basis of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation.","volume":"17","author":"CJ Stagg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5202","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4432-08.2009","article-title":"Polarity-sensitive modulation of cortical neurotransmitters by transcranial stimulation","volume":"29","author":"CJ Stagg","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"Pt 3","key":"pcbi.1009386.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2000.t01-1-00633.x","article-title":"Excitability changes induced in the human motor cortex by weak transcranial direct current stimulation","volume":"527","author":"MA Nitsche","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Physiol (Lond)."},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2016.06.004","article-title":"Safety of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation: Evidence Based Update 2016","volume":"9","author":"M Bikson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.18834","article-title":"Measurements and models of electric fields in the in vivo human brain during transcranial electric stimulation","volume":"6","author":"Y Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2009.03.005","article-title":"Gyri-precise head model of transcranial direct current stimulation: improved spatial focality using a ring electrode versus conventional rectangular pad","volume":"2","author":"A Datta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2563","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2012.247171","article-title":"Cellular effects of acute direct current stimulation: somatic and synaptic terminal effects","volume":"591","author":"A Rahman","year":"2013","journal-title":"The Journal of Physiology"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.01.027","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation: a computer-based human model study.","volume":"35","author":"T Wagner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2006.04.009","article-title":"Modeling the current distribution during transcranial direct current stimulation.","volume":"117","author":"PC Miranda","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol."},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.117311","article-title":"Network-level mechanisms underlying effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on visuomotor learning.","volume":"223","author":"P Sehatpour","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2016.00261","article-title":"Computational Pipeline for NIRS-EEG Joint Imaging of tDCS-Evoked Cerebral Responses\u2014An Application in Ischemic Stroke.","volume":"10","author":"D Guhathakurta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1111\/micc.12035","article-title":"Perivascular innervation: a multiplicity of roles in vasomotor control and myoendothelial signaling","volume":"20","author":"W Eb","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microcirculation"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref029","first-page":"030901","article-title":"Assessing low-frequency oscillations in cerebrovascular diseases and related conditions with near-infrared spectroscopy: a plausible method for evaluating cerebral autoregulation?","volume":"5","author":"AV Andersen","year":"2018","journal-title":"NPh"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12670","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1007239107","article-title":"Topological basis for the robust distribution of blood to rodent neocortex","volume":"107","author":"P Blinder","year":"2010","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-019-00710-2","article-title":"Variation in Reported Human Head Tissue Electrical Conductivity Values","volume":"32","author":"H McCann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Topogr"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002070","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1002070","article-title":"Bayesian Comparison of Neurovascular Coupling Models Using EEG-fMRI.","volume":"7","author":"MJ Rosa","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLOS Computational Biology"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"046029","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/aa7321","article-title":"Exploiting neurovascular coupling: a Bayesian sequential Monte Carlo approach applied to simulated EEG fNIRS data","volume":"14","author":"P Croce","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neural Eng"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116734","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.116734","article-title":"Comparing dynamic causal models of neurovascular coupling with fMRI and EEG\/MEG.","volume":"216","author":"A Jafarian","year":"2020","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref035","unstructured":"Simultaneous functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and electroencephalogram (EEG) to elucidate neurovascular modulation by transcranial electrical stimulation (tES)\u2014Brain Stimulation: Basic, Translational, and Clinical Research in Neuromodulation. [cited 7 Sep 2021]. Available: https:\/\/www.brainstimjrnl.com\/article\/S1935-861X"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-015-0205-7","article-title":"EEG-NIRS based assessment of neurovascular coupling during anodal transcranial direct current stimulation\u2014a stroke case series","volume":"39","author":"A Dutta","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Med Syst"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cnp.2016.12.003","article-title":"Adverse events of tDCS and tACS: A review.","volume":"2","author":"H Matsumoto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clinical Neurophysiology Practice"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2015.00467","article-title":"Investigating Human Neurovascular Coupling Using Functional Neuroimaging: A Critical Review of Dynamic Models.","volume":"9","author":"C Huneau","year":"2015","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neuroscience"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref039","first-page":"18","article-title":"The morphological and molecular changes of brain cells exposed to direct current electric field stimulation","author":"SJ Pelletier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dutta A, Chowdhury SR, Dutta A, Sylaja PN, Guiraud D, Nitsche MA. A phenomological model for capturing cerebrovascular reactivity to anodal transcranial direct current stimulation. 2013 6th International IEEE\/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering (NER). 2013. pp. 827\u2013830. doi: 10.1109\/NER.2013.6696062","DOI":"10.1109\/NER.2013.6696062"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dutta A, Nitsche MA. Neural mass model analysis of online modulation of electroencephalogram with transcranial direct current stimulation. 2013 6th International IEEE\/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering (NER). 2013. pp. 206\u2013210. doi: 10.1109\/NER.2013.6695908","DOI":"10.1109\/NER.2013.6695908"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00409","article-title":"Cerebrovascular Resistance: The Basis of Cerebrovascular Reactivity.","volume":"12","author":"J Duffin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Neurosci."},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/124.3.457","article-title":"Severely impaired cerebrovascular reactivity predicts stroke and TIA risk in patients with carotid artery stenosis and occlusion","volume":"124","author":"H Markus","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"pcbi.1009386.ref044","first-page":"S333","article-title":"Cerebral blood flow, cerebral blood volume, and cerebrovascular reactivity after severe head injury.","volume":"9","author":"GJ Bouma","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma."},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2012.07.014","article-title":"A bidirectional model for communication in the neurovascular unit","volume":"311","author":"A Witthoft","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Theor Biol"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2012.00091","article-title":"Inter-Individual Variation during Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Normalization of Dose Using MRI-Derived Computational Models.","volume":"3","author":"A Datta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry."},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.10.001","article-title":"Machine learning and individual variability in electric field characteristics predict tDCS treatment response","volume":"13","author":"A Albizu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Stimulation"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2015.07.031","article-title":"Inter- and Intra-individual Variability in Response to Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) at Varying Current Intensities.","volume":"8","author":"T Chew","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.02.004","article-title":"Inter-individual variability in response to non-invasive brain stimulation paradigms","volume":"7","author":"V L\u00f3pez-Alonso","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2016.09.008","article-title":"NIRS-EEG joint imaging during transcranial direct current stimulation: Online parameter estimation with an autoregressive model","volume":"274","author":"M Sood","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref051","first-page":"12","article-title":"Existence of Initial Dip for BCI: An Illusion or Reality.","author":"K-S Hong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Neurorobot."},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12632","article-title":"Focal Hemodynamic Responses in the Stimulated Hemisphere During High-Definition Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation.","volume":"21","author":"M Muthalib","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface."},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2011.195","article-title":"Frontiers in optical imaging of cerebral blood flow and metabolism","volume":"32","author":"A Devor","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref054","first-page":"70","volume-title":"Chapter 13\u2014Perivascular Neurotransmitter Regulation of Cerebral Blood Flow.","author":"L Edvinsson","year":"2017","edition":"2"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2018.04.010","article-title":"Brain Perfusion and Astrocytes","volume":"41","author":"B Cauli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends in Neurosciences"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9836","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4943-10.2011","article-title":"Pyramidal neurons are \u201cneurogenic hubs\u201d in the neurovascular coupling response to whisker stimulation.","volume":"31","author":"C Lecrux","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-200101000-00010","article-title":"Neuropeptide Y-mediated constriction and dilation in rat middle cerebral arteries","volume":"21","author":"J You","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2018.11.011","article-title":"What is the key mediator of the neurovascular coupling response?","volume":"96","author":"PS Hosford","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev."},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref059","first-page":"4764","article-title":"Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation of the Leg Motor Area\u2014is it partly somatosensory?","volume":"2018","author":"Z Rezaee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaax9538","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aax9538","article-title":"The peripheral effect of direct current stimulation on brain circuits involving memory","volume":"6","author":"S Vanneste","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science Advances"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2135","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2012.115","article-title":"The locus coeruleus-norepinephrine network optimizes coupling of cerebral blood volume with oxygen demand","volume":"32","author":"LK Bekar","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref062","unstructured":"Dutta A, Mudaliar A, Chugh S. Effect of electrode profile and conductivity on current density and cutaneous sensation during transcranial DC stimulation. Conference proceedings:. Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society Conference. 2011;2011: 7639\u201342. doi: 10.1109\/IEMBS.2011.6091882"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/82.3.418","article-title":"Near infrared spectroscopy","volume":"82","author":"H Owen-Reece","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1177\/1094428116658959","article-title":"Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) for Assessing Cerebral Cortex Function During Human Behavior in Natural\/Social Situations: A Concise Review.","volume":"22","author":"V Quaresima","year":"2019","journal-title":"Organizational Research Methods"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"041503","DOI":"10.1117\/1.NPh.4.4.041503","article-title":"NIRS-based cerebrovascular regulation assessment: exercise and cerebrovascular reactivity.","volume":"4","author":"S Miller","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurophotonics"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S279","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(14)50915-7","article-title":"P879: A novel method for capturing cerebrovascular reactivity using near-infrared spectroscopy during transcranial direct current stimulation: a stroke case series","volume":"125","author":"A Dutta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.03.049","article-title":"A brief review on the history of human functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) development and fields of application.","volume":"63","author":"M Ferrari","year":"2012","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1930012","DOI":"10.1142\/S179354581930012X","article-title":"Application of functional near-infrared spectroscopy in the healthcare industry: A review","volume":"12","author":"K-S Hong","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Innov Opt Health Sci"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2015.00027","article-title":"Wearable functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS): expanding vistas for neurocognitive augmentation.","volume":"9","author":"R McKendrick","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Syst Neurosci."},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.10.067","article-title":"Establishment and Dysfunction of the Blood-Brain Barrier","volume":"163","author":"Z Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-020-02447-7","article-title":"In Vivo Modulation of the Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability by Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS).","volume":"48","author":"DW Shin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(97)01132-6","article-title":"Non-invasive optical spectroscopy and imaging of human brain function","volume":"20","author":"A Villringer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Trends in Neurosciences"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9892.1993.tb00144.x","article-title":"A Corrected Akaike Information Criterion for Vector Autoregressive Model Selection","volume":"14","author":"CM Hurvich","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Time Series Analysis"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11014","DOI":"10.1117\/1.1852552","article-title":"Eigenvector-based spatial filtering for reduction of physiological interference in diffuse optical imaging","volume":"10","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Biomed Opt"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3039","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.11.050","article-title":"Functional near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) signal improvement based on negative correlation between oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin dynamics.","volume":"49","author":"X Cui","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e73","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000148636.60732.2e","article-title":"Calcium Dynamics in Cortical Astrocytes and Arterioles During Neurovascular Coupling","volume":"95","author":"JA Filosa","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation Research"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5391","DOI":"10.1118\/1.4928672","article-title":"Frequency-specific functional connectivity revealed by wavelet-based coherence analysis in elderly subjects with cerebral infarction using NIRS method.","volume":"42","author":"Q Tan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.04.008","article-title":"Monochromatic ultra-slow (~0.1 Hz) oscillations in the human electroencephalogram and their relation to hemodynamics.","volume":"97","author":"VV Nikulin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e43640","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0043640","article-title":"Coupling between Intrinsic Prefrontal HbO2 and Central EEG Beta Power Oscillations in the Resting Brain","volume":"7","author":"G Pfurtscheller","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2005.1646","article-title":"Fusing EEG and fMRI based on a bottom-up model: inferring activation and effective connectivity in neural masses","volume":"360","author":"J Riera","year":"2005","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20230","article-title":"Nonlinear local electrovascular coupling. I: A theoretical model","volume":"27","author":"JJ Riera","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2008.01.022","article-title":"Origins of the BOLD changes due to synaptic activity at astrocytes abutting arteriolar smooth muscle","volume":"252","author":"MR Bennett","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Theor Biol"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2011.07.006","article-title":"Models of neurovascular coupling via potassium and EET signalling","volume":"286","author":"H Farr","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Theor Biol"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2016.01.009","article-title":"The role of nitric oxide in neurovascular coupling","volume":"394","author":"K Dormanns","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Theor Biol"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s10827-017-0671-7","article-title":"The role of astrocytic calcium and TRPV4 channels in neurovascular coupling","volume":"44","author":"A Kenny","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Comput Neurosci"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.03.010","article-title":"Integrated models of neurovascular coupling and BOLD signals: Responses for varying neural activations.","volume":"174","author":"EJ Mathias","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2007.08.024","article-title":"Origins of blood volume change due to glutamatergic synaptic activity at astrocytes abutting on arteriolar smooth muscle cells","volume":"250","author":"MR Bennett","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Theoretical Biology"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000212","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1000212","article-title":"A Model of Brain Circulation and Metabolism: NIRS Signal Changes during Physiological Challenges","volume":"4","author":"M Banaji","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLOS Computational Biology"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e48802","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0048802","article-title":"A computational model of neuro-glio-vascular loop interactions.","volume":"7","author":"BS Chander","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2046","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2013.09.012","article-title":"Potassium Buffering in the Neurovascular Unit: Models and Sensitivity Analysis","volume":"105","author":"A Witthoft","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biophys J"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70469","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0070469","article-title":"A Mathematical Model of the Metabolic and Perfusion Effects on Cortical Spreading Depression.","volume":"8","author":"JC Chang","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLOS ONE."},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2014.08.029","article-title":"Neurovascular coupling and the influence of luminal agonists via the endothelium","volume":"364","author":"K Dormanns","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Theor Biol"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0147292","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0147292","article-title":"A New Computational Model for Neuro-Glio-Vascular Coupling: Astrocyte Activation Can Explain Cerebral Blood Flow Nonlinear Response to Interictal Events.","volume":"11","author":"S Blanchard","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1080\/10255842.2016.1255732","article-title":"A model of neurovascular coupling and the BOLD response: PART I.","volume":"20","author":"EJ Mathias","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.116827","article-title":"A quantitative analysis of cell-specific contributions and the role of anesthetics to the neurovascular coupling.","volume":"215","author":"S Sten","year":"2020","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-03-01042.2002","article-title":"Spatial Buffering during Slow and Paroxysmal Sleep Oscillations in Cortical Networks of Glial Cells In Vivo","volume":"22","author":"F Amzica","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2012.02.082","article-title":"tDCS possibly stimulates glial cells","volume":"123","author":"J Ruohonen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-186X(1997)18:1<77::AID-BEM11>3.0.CO;2-N","article-title":"Effects of a low-voltage static electric field on energy metabolism in astrocytes","volume":"18","author":"R Huang","year":"1997","journal-title":"Bioelectromagnetics"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref099","first-page":"188","article-title":"Glia: A Neglected Player in Non-invasive Direct Current Brain Stimulation.","volume":"10","author":"A-K Gellner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.05.091","article-title":"Synchronized Astrocytic Ca2+ Responses in Neurovascular Coupling during Somatosensory Stimulation and for the Resting State","volume":"23","author":"X Gu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Reports"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2008.06845.x","article-title":"Systems biology: model based evaluation and comparison of potential explanations for given biological data","volume":"276","author":"G Cedersund","year":"2009","journal-title":"FEBS J"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11100","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms11100","article-title":"Calcium imaging reveals glial involvement in transcranial direct current stimulation-induced plasticity in mouse brain","volume":"7","author":"H Monai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.21741","article-title":"Electric Fields Caused by Blood Flow Modulate Vascular Endothelial Electrophysiology and Nitric Oxide Production.","volume":"34","author":"DP Trivedi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioelectromagnetics"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2011.12.006","article-title":"Effects of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) on cortical activity: a computational modeling study.","volume":"6","author":"B Molaee-Ardekani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3513","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2012.08725.x","article-title":"Conclusions via unique predictions obtained despite unidentifiability\u2013new definitions and a general method","volume":"279","author":"G. Cedersund","year":"2012","journal-title":"The FEBS Journal"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2000.0630","article-title":"Nonlinear responses in fMRI: the Balloon model, Volterra kernels, and other hemodynamics.","volume":"12","author":"KJ Friston","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1779","article-title":"Local potassium signaling couples neuronal activity to vasodilation in the brain","volume":"9","author":"JA Filosa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1996.sp021318","article-title":"Extracellular K(+)-induced hyperpolarizations and dilatations of rat coronary and cerebral arteries involve inward rectifier K(+) channels.","volume":"492","author":"HJ Knot","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref109","first-page":"H902","article-title":"Potassium dilates rat cerebral arteries by two independent mechanisms","volume":"259","author":"JG McCarron","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.31.2.240","article-title":"Perivascular potassium and pH as determinants of local pial arterial diameter in cats. A microapplication study","volume":"31","author":"W Kuschinsky","year":"1972","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocs.2017.07.001","article-title":"Massively parallel simulations of neurovascular coupling with extracellular diffusion","volume":"24","author":"A Kenny","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Computational Science"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1097\/YCT.0000000000000510","article-title":"Physiology of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation.","volume":"34","author":"CJ Stagg","year":"2018","journal-title":"J ECT."},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1385\/MN:28:2:195","article-title":"Molecular substrates of potassium spatial buffering in glial cells","volume":"28","author":"P Kofuji","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X15616138","article-title":"Ion channel networks in the control of cerebral blood flow","volume":"36","author":"TA Longden","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/0025-5564(94)90074-4","article-title":"On the origin and dynamics of the vasomotion of small arteries","volume":"119","author":"JM Gonzalez-Fernandez","year":"1994","journal-title":"Math Biosci"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01211648","article-title":"Prediction error estimation methods.","volume":"21","author":"L. Ljung","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circuits Systems and Signal Process"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2020.1717957","article-title":"Chi-square Difference Tests for Comparing Nested Models: An Evaluation with Non-normal Data.","volume":"27","author":"G Pavlov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal."},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/6.2.93","article-title":"A brief history of time (constants).","volume":"6","author":"C Koch","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.02.061","article-title":"Characterization of the hemodynamic response function across the majority of human cerebral cortex","volume":"173","author":"AJ Taylor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"pcbi.1009386.ref120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.07.013","article-title":"Modeling the hemodynamic response to brain activation","volume":"23","author":"RB Buxton","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.10.044","article-title":"Prefrontal hemodynamic changes produced by anodal direct current stimulation.","volume":"49","author":"AC Merzagora","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1613402","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/1613402","article-title":"Effects of HD-tDCS on Resting-State Functional Connectivity in the Prefrontal Cortex: An fNIRS Study","author":"MA Yaqub","year":"2018","journal-title":"Complexity"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2015.05.002","article-title":"Inter-subject Variability in Electric Fields of Motor Cortical tDCS","volume":"8","author":"I Laakso","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"von L\u00fchmann A, Addesa J, Chandra S, Das A, Hayashibe M, Dutta A. Neural interfacing non-invasive brain stimulation with NIRS-EEG joint imaging for closed-loop control of neuroenergetics in ischemic stroke. 2017 8th International IEEE\/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering (NER). 2017. pp. 349\u2013353. doi: 10.1109\/NER.2017.8008362","DOI":"10.1109\/NER.2017.8008362"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00954.2005","article-title":"Perivascular nerves and the regulation of cerebrovascular tone","volume":"100","author":"E. Hamel","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)."},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/micc.12423","article-title":"Regulation of voltage-gated potassium channels in vascular smooth muscle during hypertension and metabolic disorders","volume":"25","author":"M Nieves-Cintr\u00f3n","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microcirculation"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C799","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.1995.268.4.C799","article-title":"Physiological roles and properties of potassium channels in arterial smooth muscle","volume":"268","author":"MT Nelson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref128","first-page":"25","article-title":"KV channels and the regulation of vascular smooth muscle tone","author":"WF Jackson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microcirculation"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"091312","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.21.9.091312","article-title":"Overview of diffuse optical tomography and its clinical applications.","volume":"21","author":"M. d YH","year":"2016","journal-title":"JBO"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.11.014","article-title":"Investigating hemodynamic response variability at the group level using basis functions.","volume":"49","author":"J Steffener","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.10.044","article-title":"Direct, intraoperative observation of ~0.1 Hz hemodynamic oscillations in awake human cortex: implications for fMRI.","volume":"87","author":"A Rayshubskiy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref132","first-page":"3399","article-title":"Corticospinal excitability changes to anodal tDCS elucidated with NIRS-EEG joint-imaging: An ischemic stroke study","volume":"2015","author":"U Jindal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabh0101","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abh0101","article-title":"Local IP3 receptor\u2013mediated Ca2+ signals compound to direct blood flow in brain capillaries","volume":"7","author":"TA Longden","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science Advances"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6858","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1715841115","article-title":"Origin of slow spontaneous resting-state neuronal fluctuations in brain networks","volume":"115","author":"GP Krishnan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16626","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2000151117","article-title":"The capillary Kir channel as sensor and amplifier of neuronal signals: Modeling insights on K+-mediated neurovascular communication.","volume":"117","author":"A Moshkforoush","year":"2020","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-14330-z","article-title":"Precapillary sphincters maintain perfusion in the cerebral cortex","volume":"11","author":"S Grubb","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2011.03.002","article-title":"Clinical Research with Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS): Challenges and Future Directions.","volume":"5","author":"AR Brunoni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2017.06.001","article-title":"Low intensity transcranial electric stimulation: Safety, ethical, legal regulatory and application guidelines.","volume":"128","author":"A Antal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-55231-6_19","article-title":"Functional NIRS Measurement of Cytochrome-C-Oxidase Demonstrates a More Brain-Specific Marker of Frontal Lobe Activation Compared to the Haemoglobins","volume":"977","author":"I de Roever","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref140","article-title":"False positives and false negatives in functional near-infrared spectroscopy: issues, challenges, and the way forward.","volume":"3","author":"I Tachtsidis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurophotonics"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0244186","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0244186","article-title":"Comparing fNIRS signal qualities between approaches with and without short channels.","volume":"15","author":"X Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"pcbi.1009386.ref142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.10.054","article-title":"Quantification of the cortical contribution to the NIRS signal over the motor cortex using concurrent NIRS-fMRI measurements.","volume":"59","author":"L Gagnon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1009734","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,10]],"date-time":"2022-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644451200000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Computational Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1009386","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,9]],"date-time":"2024-09-09T07:30:00Z","timestamp":1725867000000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1009386"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Hugues","family":"Berry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,6]]},"references-count":142,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1009386","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-83907\/v2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-83907\/v3","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-83907\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1553-7358"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-7358","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,6]]}}}