{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T02:51:04Z","timestamp":1774493464036,"version":"3.50.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1009455","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]],"date-time":"2021-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634169600000}}],"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,4]],"date-time":"2021-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633305600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004271","name":"Sapienza University of Rome","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Avvio alla Ricerca 2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Avvio alla Ricerca 2016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004271","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004271","name":"Sapienza University of Rome","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Ateneo 2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Ateneo 2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004271","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities","award":["Juan de la Cierva-incorporaci\u00f3n (IJCI-2016-27864)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Juan de la Cierva-incorporaci\u00f3n (IJCI-2016-27864)"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011033","name":"Spanish State Research Agency","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Severo Ochoa Program for Centres of Excellence in R&D (SEV- 2017-0723"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Severo Ochoa Program for Centres of Excellence in R&D (SEV- 2017-0723"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011033","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ploscompbiol.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Comput Biol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A standard view in the literature is that decisions are the result of a process that accumulates evidence in favor of each alternative until such accumulation reaches a threshold and a decision is made. However, this view has been recently questioned by an alternative proposal that suggests that, instead of accumulated, evidence is combined with an urgency signal. Both theories have been mathematically formalized and supported by a variety of decision-making tasks with constant information. However, recently, tasks with changing information have shown to be more effective to study the dynamics of decision making. Recent research using one of such tasks, the tokens task, has shown that decisions are better described by an urgency mechanism than by an accumulation one. However, the results of that study could depend on a task where all fundamental information was noiseless and always present, favoring a mechanism of non-integration, such as the urgency one. Here, we wanted to address whether the same conclusions were also supported by an experimental paradigm in which sensory evidence was removed shortly after it was provided, making working memory necessary to properly perform the task. Here, we show that, under such condition, participants\u2019 behavior could be explained by an urgency-gating mechanism that low-pass filters the mnemonic information and combines it with an urgency signal that grows with time but not by an accumulation process that integrates the same mnemonic information. Thus, our study supports the idea that, under certain situations with dynamic sensory information, decisions are better explained by an urgency-gating mechanism than by an accumulation one.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1009455","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,4]],"date-time":"2021-10-04T22:02:02Z","timestamp":1633384922000},"page":"e1009455","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The importance of urgency in decision making based on dynamic information"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Ferrucci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2521-143X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Aldo","family":"Genovesio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6518-4734","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Encarni","family":"Marcos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"pcbi.1009455.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2004.01.006","article-title":"Psychology and neurobiology of simple decisions","volume":"27","author":"PL Smith","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"pcbi.1009455.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.29.051605.113038","article-title":"The neural basis of decision making","volume":"30","author":"JI Gold","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"pcbi.1009455.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1038\/22268","article-title":"Neural correlates of decision variables in parietal cortex","volume":"400","author":"ML Platt","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pcbi.1009455.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2005.01.027","article-title":"Neural correlates of reaching decisions in dorsal premotor cortex: specification of multiple direction choices and final selection of action","volume":"45","author":"P Cisek","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"pcbi.1009455.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.01.031","article-title":"Deliberation and commitment in the premotor and primary motor cortex during dynamic decision making","volume":"81","author":"D Thura","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"pcbi.1009455.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.02.006","article-title":"Neural variability in premotor cortex is modulated by trial history and predicts behavioral performance","volume":"78","author":"E Marcos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"pcbi.1009455.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02289729","article-title":"Models for choice-reaction time","volume":"25","author":"M. Stone","year":"1960","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"pcbi.1009455.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03212980","article-title":"A comparison of two response time models applied to perceptual matching","volume":"7","author":"T Van Zandt","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychon Bull Rev"},{"key":"pcbi.1009455.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2010.12.037","article-title":"Variance as a signature of neural computations during decision making","volume":"69","author":"A Churchland","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"pcbi.1009455.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12684","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5752-11.2012","article-title":"Neural dynamics of choice: single-trial analysis of decision-related activity in parietal cortex","volume":"32","author":"A Bollimunta","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"pcbi.1009455.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogpsych.2007.12.002","article-title":"The simplest complete model of choice response time: Linear ballistic accumulation","volume":"57","author":"S Brown","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cogn Psychol"},{"key":"pcbi.1009455.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1003700","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1003700","article-title":"Brain and Behavior in Decision-Making","volume":"10","author":"P Cassey","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"key":"pcbi.1009455.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-017-1417-2","article-title":"The quality of response time data inference: a blinded, collaborative assessment of the validity of cognitive models","volume":"26","author":"G Dutilh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychon Bull Rev"},{"key":"pcbi.1009455.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2123","article-title":"Decision-making with multiple alternatives","volume":"11","author":"A Churchland","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"pcbi.1009455.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11560","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1844-09.2009","article-title":"Decisions in changing conditions: the urgency-gating model","volume":"29","author":"P Cisek","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"pcbi.1009455.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2912","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01071.2011","article-title":"Decision making by urgency gating: theory and experimental support","volume":"108","author":"D Thura","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"pcbi.1009455.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"015","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00264.2015","article-title":"Evidence against perfect integration of sensory information during perceptual decision making","volume":"115","author":"M Carland","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"pcbi.1009455.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00088.2015","article-title":"Discriminating evidence accumulation from urgency signals in speeded decision making","volume":"114","author":"G Hawkins","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"pcbi.1009455.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1037\/rev0000255","article-title":"Urgency, leakage, and the relative nature of information processing in decision-making","volume":"128","author":"J Trueblood","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychol Rev"},{"key":"pcbi.1009455.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1233912","article-title":"Rats and humans can optimally accumulate evidence for decision-making","volume":"340","author":"BW Brunton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"pcbi.1009455.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4265","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-06561-y","article-title":"Rats adopt the optimal timescale for evidence integration in a dynamic environment","volume":"9","author":"AT Piet","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"pcbi.1009455.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14066","article-title":"Distinct relationships of parietal and prefrontal cortices to evidence accumulation","volume":"520","author":"TD Hanks","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pcbi.1009455.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16433","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-16694-7","article-title":"The computations that support simple decision-making: A comparison between the diffusion and urgency-gating models","volume":"7","author":"N Evans","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pcbi.1009455.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-013-0551-8","article-title":"Early evidence affects later decisions: Why evidence accumulation is required to explain response time data","volume":"21","author":"J Winkel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychon Bull Rev"},{"key":"pcbi.1009455.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4745","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.12-12-04745.1992","article-title":"The analysis of visual motion: a comparison of neuronal and psychophysical performance","volume":"12","author":"K Britten","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"pcbi.1009455.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523800010269","article-title":"Responses of neurons in macaque MT to stochastic motion signals","volume":"10","author":"K Britten","year":"1993","journal-title":"Vis Neurosci"},{"key":"pcbi.1009455.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.2.628","article-title":"Motion perception: seeing and deciding","volume":"93","author":"M Shadlen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"pcbi.1009455.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1916","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2001.86.4.1916","article-title":"Neural basis of a perceptual decision in the parietal cortex (area lip) of the rhesus monkey","volume":"86","author":"M Shadlen","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"pcbi.1009455.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9475","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-21-09475.2002","article-title":"Response of neurons in the lateral intraparietal area during a combined visual discrimination reaction time task","volume":"22","author":"JD Roitman","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"pcbi.1009455.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10420","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4684-04.2005","article-title":"Neural activity in macaque parietal cortex reflects temporal integration of visual motion signals during perceptual decision making","volume":"25","author":"A Huk","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"pcbi.1009455.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.01364","article-title":"Time-varying boundaries for diffusion models of decision making and response time","volume":"5","author":"S Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"pcbi.1009455.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1017\/S1930297500001285","article-title":"The Drift Diffusion Model can account for the accuracy and reaction time of value-based choices under high and low time pressure","volume":"5","author":"M Milosavljevic","year":"2010","journal-title":"Judgm Decis Mak."},{"key":"pcbi.1009455.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3612","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4010-11.2012","article-title":"The cost of accumulating evidence in perceptual decision making","volume":"32","author":"J Drugowitsch","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"pcbi.1009455.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1830","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-015-0851-2","article-title":"The urgency-gating model can explain the effects of early evidence","volume":"22","author":"M Carland","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychon Bull Rev"},{"key":"pcbi.1009455.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25622","DOI":"10.1038\/srep25622","article-title":"Event- and time-dependent decline of outcome information in the primate prefrontal cortex","volume":"6","author":"E Marcos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pcbi.1009455.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16483","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2094-13.2013","article-title":"Integration of direction cues is invariant to the temporal gap between them","volume":"33","author":"R Kiani","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"pcbi.1009455.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0144841","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0144841","article-title":"Motor cost influences perceptual decisions","volume":"10","author":"E Marcos","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"pcbi.1009455.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e18422","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.18422","article-title":"Perceptual decisions are biased by the cost to act","volume":"6","author":"N Hagura","year":"2017","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"pcbi.1009455.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2016.00075","article-title":"Determining monkey free choice long before the choice is made: the principal role of prefrontal neurons involved in both decision and motor processes","volume":"10","author":"E Marcos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Neural Circuits"},{"key":"pcbi.1009455.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2017.00631","article-title":"Interference between Space and Time Estimations: From Behavior to Neurons","volume":"11","author":"E Marcos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Neurosci."},{"key":"pcbi.1009455.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhg097","article-title":"A Role for neural integrators in perceptual decision making","volume":"13","author":"M Mazurek","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"pcbi.1009455.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa4056","article-title":"Single-trial spike trains in parietal cortex reveal discrete steps during decision-making","volume":"349","author":"KW Latimer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"pcbi.1009455.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.07.039","article-title":"The basal ganglia do not select reach targets but control the urgency of commitment","volume":"95","author":"D Thura","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"pcbi.1009455.ref044","author":"D. Laming","year":"1968","journal-title":"Information Theory of Choice-Reaction Times: London Academic"},{"key":"pcbi.1009455.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.85.2.59","article-title":"A theory of memory retrieval","volume":"85","author":"R. Ratcliff","year":"1978","journal-title":"Psychol Rev"},{"key":"pcbi.1009455.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.108.3.550","article-title":"The time course of perceptual choice: the leaky, competing accumulator model","volume":"108","author":"M Usher","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychol Rev."},{"key":"pcbi.1009455.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.2007.19.2.442","article-title":"The basal ganglia and cortex implement optimal decision making between alternative actions.","volume":"19","author":"R Bogacz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neural Comput"},{"key":"pcbi.1009455.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03196299","article-title":"Quantile maximum likelihood estimation of response time distributions","volume":"9","author":"A Heathcote","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychon Bull Rev"},{"key":"pcbi.1009455.ref049","author":"D Ardia","year":"2013","journal-title":"DEoptim: Differential Evolution in R [Computer software manual]"},{"key":"pcbi.1009455.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v040.i06","article-title":"DEoptim: An R package for global optimization by differential evolution","volume":"40","author":"K Mullen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"pcbi.1009455.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.3758\/PBR.16.2.225","article-title":"Bayesian t tests for accepting and rejecting the null hypothesis","volume":"16","author":"JN Rouder","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychon Bull Rev"},{"key":"pcbi.1009455.ref052","volume-title":"The theory of probability","author":"H. Jeffreys","year":"1961"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1009455","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]],"date-time":"2021-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634169600000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Computational Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1009455","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,11]],"date-time":"2023-01-11T02:01:26Z","timestamp":1673402486000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1009455"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Marieke Karlijn","family":"van Vugt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,4]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1009455","relation":{"new_version":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1009455","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1553-7358"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-7358","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,4]]}}}