{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T23:05:41Z","timestamp":1769123141392,"version":"3.49.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1009476","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]],"date-time":"2021-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634688000000}}],"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,8]],"date-time":"2021-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633651200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"German Center Cardiovascular Research","award":["81Z0300404"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81Z0300404"]}]},{"name":"German Center Cardiovascular Research","award":["81Z0300403\/81Z0300114"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81Z0300403\/81Z0300114"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"German Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Project C3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Project C3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ploscompbiol.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Comput Biol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Interruptions in nonlinear wave propagation, commonly referred to as wave breaks, are typical of many complex excitable systems. In the heart they lead to lethal rhythm disorders, the so-called arrhythmias, which are one of the main causes of sudden death in the industrialized world. Progress in the treatment and therapy of cardiac arrhythmias requires a detailed understanding of the triggers and dynamics of these wave breaks. In particular, two very important questions are: 1) What determines the potential of a wave break to initiate re-entry? and 2) How do these breaks evolve such that the system is able to maintain spatiotemporally chaotic electrical activity? Here we approach these questions numerically using optogenetics in an <jats:italic>in silico<\/jats:italic> model of human atrial tissue that has undergone chronic atrial fibrillation (cAF) remodelling. In the lesser studied sub-threshold illumination r\u00e9gime, we discover a new mechanism of wave break initiation in cardiac tissue that occurs for gentle slopes of the restitution characteristics. This mechanism involves the creation of conduction blocks through a combination of wavefront-waveback interaction, reshaping of the wave profile and heterogeneous recovery from the excitation of the spatially extended medium, leading to the creation of re-excitable windows for sustained re-entry. This finding is an important contribution to cardiac arrhythmia research as it identifies scenarios in which low-energy perturbations to cardiac rhythm can be potentially life-threatening.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1009476","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,9]],"date-time":"2021-10-09T23:56:18Z","timestamp":1633823778000},"page":"e1009476","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Pulsed low-energy stimulation initiates electric turbulence in cardiac tissue"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3851-9225","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rupamanjari","family":"Majumder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6247-0177","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sayedeh","family":"Hussaini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vladimir S.","family":"Zykov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7214-8125","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Stefan","family":"Luther","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2901-0144","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eberhard","family":"Bodenschatz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"pcbi.1009476.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"051108","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0011506","article-title":"Terminating transient chaos in spatially extended systems","volume":"30","author":"T Lilienkamp","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chaos: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science"},{"key":"pcbi.1009476.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0221401","article-title":"Spontaneous termination of chaotic spiral wave dynamics in human cardiac ion channel models","volume":"14","author":"M Aron","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"pcbi.1009476.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.3.1151","article-title":"Origin and evolution of circular waves and spirals in dictyostelium discoideum territories","volume":"93","author":"E P\u00e1lsson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"pcbi.1009476.ref004","volume-title":"Oscillations and Traveling Waves in Chemical Systems","author":"RJ Field","year":"1985"},{"key":"pcbi.1009476.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1063\/1.165848","article-title":"A history of chemical oscillations and waves","volume":"1","author":"AM Zhabotinsky","year":"1991","journal-title":"Chaos"},{"key":"pcbi.1009476.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1063\/1.466650","article-title":"Spiral waves in a surface reaction: Model calculations","volume":"100","author":"M B\u00e4r","year":"1994","journal-title":"The Journal of Chemical Physics"},{"key":"pcbi.1009476.ref007","volume-title":"Wave and Patterns in Biological and Chemical Excitable Media","author":"V Krinsky","year":"1991"},{"key":"pcbi.1009476.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-011-1156-0","volume-title":"Chemical Waves and Patterns","author":"R Kapral","year":"1995"},{"key":"pcbi.1009476.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8785","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.22.8785","article-title":"Sustained vortex-like waves in normal isolated ventricular muscle","volume":"87","author":"JM Davidenko","year":"1990","journal-title":"Proc. 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