{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T20:29:06Z","timestamp":1773865746434,"version":"3.50.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1009559","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,18]],"date-time":"2021-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637193600000}}],"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]],"date-time":"2021-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636329600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Erasmus+ - KA1 Erasmus Mundus Joint Master Degrees Programme of the European Commission within the PLANT HEALTH Project"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ploscompbiol.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Comput Biol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In agricultural landscapes, the amount and organization of crops and semi-natural habitats (SNH) have the potential to promote a bundle of ecosystem services due to their influence on ecological community at multiple spatio-temporal scales. SNH are relatively undisturbed and are often source of complementary resources and refuges, therefore supporting more diverse and abundant natural pest enemies. However, the nexus of SNH proportion and organization with pest suppression is not trivial. It is thus crucial to understand how the behavior of pest and natural enemy species, the underlying landscape structure, and their interaction, may influence conservation biological control (CBC). Here, we develop a generative stochastic landscape model to simulate realistic agricultural landscape compositions and configurations of fields and linear elements. Generated landscapes are used as spatial support over which we simulate a spatially explicit predator-prey dynamic model. We find that increased SNH presence boosts predator populations by sustaining high predator density that regulates and keeps pest density below the pesticide application threshold. However, predator presence over all the landscape helps to stabilize the pest population by keeping it under this threshold, which tends to increase pest density at the landscape scale. In addition, the joint effect of SNH presence and predator dispersal ability among hedge and field interface results in a stronger pest regulation, which also limits pest growth. Considering properties of both fields and linear elements, such as local structure and geometric features, provides deeper insights for pest regulation; for example, hedge presence at crop field boundaries clearly strengthens CBC. Our results highlight that the integration of species behaviors and traits with landscape structure at multiple scales is necessary to provide useful insights for CBC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1009559","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]],"date-time":"2021-11-08T13:41:20Z","timestamp":1636378880000},"page":"e1009559","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["More pests but less pesticide applications: Ambivalent effect of landscape complexity on conservation biological control"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6306-5782","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Patrizia","family":"Zamberletti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Khadija","family":"Sabir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5863-5020","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Thomas","family":"Opitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0462-4836","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Olivier","family":"Bonnefon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3712-7270","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Edith","family":"Gabriel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2273-5334","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Julien","family":"Papa\u00efx","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"pcbi.1009559.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1166\/sl.2013.2848","article-title":"Analysis on Temporal-Spatial Characteristics of Landscape Pattern of Land-Cover","volume":"11","author":"R Zhao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sens Lett"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1009559.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8024","DOI":"10.1038\/srep08024","article-title":"Effects of agricultural intensification on ability of natural enemies to control aphids","volume":"5","author":"ZH Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1009559.ref003","first-page":"421","article-title":"The landscape context of trophic interactions: insect spillover across the crop-noncrop interface","volume":"42","author":"T Tscharntke","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Zool Fennici"},{"issue":"26","key":"pcbi.1009559.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16812","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.262413599","article-title":"Crop pollination from native bees at risk from agricultural intensification","volume":"99","author":"C Kremen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"1559","key":"pcbi.1009559.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2004.2902","article-title":"The landscape context of cereal aphid-parasitoid interactions","volume":"272","author":"C Thies","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc R Soc B Biol Sci"},{"key":"pcbi.1009559.ref006","first-page":"34","volume-title":"Spillover of functionally important organisms between managed and natural habitats","author":"EJ Blitzer","year":"2012"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1009559.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2664.2006.01270.x","article-title":"How landscape structure, land-use intensity and habitat diversity affect components of total arthropod diversity in agricultural landscapes","volume":"44","author":"F Hendrickx","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Appl Ecol"},{"key":"pcbi.1009559.ref008","first-page":"857","volume-title":"Ecology Letters","author":"T Tscharntke","year":"2005"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1009559.ref009","first-page":"585","article-title":"and Tscharntke T. 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