{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T20:54:01Z","timestamp":1769720041782,"version":"3.49.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1009780","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]],"date-time":"2022-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643068800000}}],"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]],"date-time":"2022-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641945600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PR-R17-0916-21002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PR-R17-0916-21002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PR-R17-0916-21002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PR-R17-0916-21002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ploscompbiol.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Comput Biol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although system dynamics [SD] and agent-based modelling [ABM] have individually served as effective tools to understand the Covid-19 dynamics, combining these methods in a hybrid simulation model can help address Covid-19 questions and study systems and settings that are difficult to study with a single approach. To examine the spread and outbreak of Covid-19 across multiple care homes via bank\/agency staff and evaluate the effectiveness of interventions targeting this group, we develop an integrated hybrid simulation model combining the advantages of SD and ABM. We also demonstrate how we use several approaches adapted from both SD and ABM practices to build confidence in this model in response to the lack of systematic approaches to validate hybrid models. Our modelling results show that the risk of infection for residents in care homes using bank\/agency staff was significantly higher than those not using bank\/agency staff (Relative risk [RR] 2.65, 95% CI 2.57\u20132.72). Bank\/agency staff working across several care homes had a higher risk of infection compared with permanent staff working in a single care home (RR 1.55, 95%CI 1.52\u20131.58). The RR of infection for residents is negatively correlated to bank\/agency staff\u2019s adherence to weekly PCR testing. Within a network of heterogeneous care homes, using bank\/agency staff had the most impact on care homes with lower intra-facility transmission risks, higher staff-to-resident ratio, and smaller size. Forming bubbles of care homes had no or limited impact on the spread of Covid-19. This modelling study has implications for policy makers considering developing effective interventions targeting staff working across care homes during the ongoing and future pandemics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1009780","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]],"date-time":"2022-01-12T18:35:14Z","timestamp":1642012514000},"page":"e1009780","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Hybrid simulation modelling of networks of heterogeneous care homes and the inter-facility spread of Covid-19 by sharing staff"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6742-6896","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Le Khanh Ngan","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8391-6660","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Itamar","family":"Megiddo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0796-7981","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Susan","family":"Howick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"pcbi.1009780.ref001","article-title":"Increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in staff working across different care homes: enhanced CoVID-19 outbreak investigations in London care Homes","author":"SN Ladhani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Infection"},{"issue":"3","key":"pcbi.1009780.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e129","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-7568(20)30065-9","article-title":"Factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and outbreaks in long-term care facilities in England: a national cross-sectional survey","volume":"2","author":"L Shallcross","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Lancet Healthy Longevity"},{"key":"pcbi.1009780.ref003","author":"GOV UK Department of Health and Social Care","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proposal to regulate to stop movement of staff between care settings"},{"issue":"8","key":"pcbi.1009780.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.16509","article-title":"Essential Long-Term Care Workers Commonly Hold Second Jobs and Double- or Triple-Duty Caregiving Roles","volume":"68","author":"CH Van Houtven","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of the American Geriatrics Society"},{"key":"pcbi.1009780.ref005","author":"Scottish Social Services Council","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scottish Social Service Sector: Report on 2019 Workforce Data: An Official Statistics Publication for Scotland"},{"key":"pcbi.1009780.ref006","article-title":"The adult social care workforce in London","author":"N. 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