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A comprehensive study integrating these multilevel features in spontaneous and stimulus\u2013evoked dynamics with seemingly distinct mechanisms is still lacking. Here, we study the stimulus\u2013response dynamics of biologically plausible excitation\u2013inhibition (E\u2013I) balanced networks. We confirm that networks around critical synchronous transition states can maintain strong internal variability but are sensitive to external stimuli. In this dynamical region, applying a stimulus to the network can reduce the trial-to-trial variability and shift the network oscillatory frequency while preserving the dynamical criticality. These multilevel features widely observed in different experiments cannot simultaneously occur in non-critical dynamical states. Furthermore, the dynamical mechanisms underlying these multilevel features are revealed using a semi-analytical mean-field theory that derives the macroscopic network field equations from the microscopic neuronal networks, enabling the analysis by nonlinear dynamics theory and linear noise approximation. The generic dynamical principle revealed here contributes to a more integrative understanding of neural systems and brain functions and incorporates multimodal and multilevel experimental observations. The E\u2013I balanced neural network in combination with the effective mean-field theory can serve as a mechanistic modeling framework to study the multilevel neural dynamics underlying neural information and cognitive processes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1009848","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,31]],"date-time":"2022-01-31T18:39:08Z","timestamp":1643654348000},"page":"e1009848","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Criticality enhances the multilevel reliability of stimulus responses in cortical neural 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