{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T10:53:55Z","timestamp":1767178435547,"version":"build-2238731810"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1009893","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]],"date-time":"2022-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648684800000}}],"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,21]],"date-time":"2022-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647820800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010665","name":"h2020 marie sk\u0142odowska-curie actions","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["764738"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["764738"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010665","name":"h2020 marie sk\u0142odowska-curie actions","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["764738"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["764738"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"agence nationale de la recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR-10-IAHU-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-10-IAHU-04"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Medical Research Council Skills Development Fellowship","award":["MR\/S015086\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/S015086\/1"]}]},{"name":"European Union Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation programme","award":["ANR-19-ECVD-0006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-19-ECVD-0006"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010190","name":"GENCI","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["A0080310517"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A0080310517"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010190","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ploscompbiol.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Comput Biol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Focal sources (FS) are believed to be important triggers and a perpetuation mechanism for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF). Detecting FS and determining AF sustainability in atrial tissue can help guide ablation targeting. We hypothesized that sustained rotors during FS-driven episodes indicate an arrhythmogenic substrate for sustained AF, and that non-invasive electrical recordings, like electrocardiograms (ECGs) or body surface potential maps (BSPMs), could be used to detect FS and AF sustainability. Computer simulations were performed on five bi-atrial geometries. FS were induced by pacing at cycle lengths of 120\u2013270 ms from 32 atrial sites and four pulmonary veins. Self-sustained reentrant activities were also initiated around the same 32 atrial sites with inexcitable cores of radii of 0, 0.5 and 1 cm. FS fired for two seconds and then AF inducibility was tested by whether activation was sustained for another second. ECGs and BSPMs were simulated. Equivalent atrial sources were extracted using second-order blind source separation, and their cycle length, periodicity and contribution, were used as features for random forest classifiers. Longer rotor duration during FS-driven episodes indicates higher AF inducibility (area under ROC curve = 0.83). Our method had accuracy of 90.6\u00b11.0% and 90.6\u00b10.6% in detecting FS presence, and 93.1\u00b10.6% and 94.2\u00b11.2% in identifying AF sustainability, and 80.0\u00b16.6% and 61.0\u00b15.2% in determining the atrium of the focal site, from BSPMs and ECGs of five atria. The detection of FS presence and AF sustainability were insensitive to vest placement (\u00b19.6%). On pre-operative BSPMs of 52 paroxysmal AF patients, patients classified with initiator-type FS on a single atrium resulted in improved two-to-three-year AF-free likelihoods (p-value &lt; 0.01, logrank tests). Detection of FS and arrhythmogenic substrate can be performed from ECGs and BSPMs, enabling non-invasive mapping towards mechanism-targeted AF treatment, and malignant ectopic beat detection with likely AF progression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1009893","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,21]],"date-time":"2022-03-21T13:40:55Z","timestamp":1647870055000},"page":"e1009893","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Detection of focal source and arrhythmogenic substrate from body surface potentials to guide atrial fibrillation ablation"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1077-2074","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yingjing","family":"Feng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6809-0928","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Caroline H.","family":"Roney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0269-3499","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jason D.","family":"Bayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4612-6982","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Steven A.","family":"Niederer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7957-8766","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"M\u00e9l\u00e8ze","family":"Hocini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Edward J.","family":"Vigmond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"pcbi.1009893.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199809033391003","article-title":"Spontaneous Initiation of Atrial Fibrillation by Ectopic Beats Originating in the Pulmonary Veins","volume":"339","author":"M Ha\u00efssaguerre","year":"1998","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"9","key":"pcbi.1009893.ref002","first-page":"836","article-title":"Holter monitor findings in asymptomatic male military aviators without structural heart disease","volume":"72","author":"VA Folarin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Aviation, space, and environmental medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"pcbi.1009893.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehu407","article-title":"Prognostic impact of supraventricular premature complexes in community-based health checkups: The Ibaraki Prefectural Health Study","volume":"36","author":"N Murakoshi","year":"2015","journal-title":"European Heart Journal"},{"issue":"17","key":"pcbi.1009893.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1904","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.874982","article-title":"Excessive supraventricular ectopic activity and increased risk of atrial fibrillation and stroke","volume":"121","author":"Z Binici","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"11","key":"pcbi.1009893.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2013.01.335","article-title":"Usefulness of frequent supraventricular extrasystoles and a high CHAD2 score to predict first-time appearance of atrial fibrillation","volume":"111","author":"S Suzuki","year":"2013","journal-title":"American Journal of Cardiology"},{"issue":"11","key":"pcbi.1009893.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-159-11-201312030-00004","article-title":"Atrial Ectopy as a Predictor of Incident Atrial Fibrillation: A Cohort Study","volume":"159","author":"TA Dewland","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annals of Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"pcbi.1009893.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehu432","article-title":"Predicting atrial fibrillation: can we shape the future?","volume":"36","author":"RM John","year":"2015","journal-title":"European Heart Journal"},{"issue":"3","key":"pcbi.1009893.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.95.3.572","article-title":"A Focal Source of Atrial Fibrillation Treated by Discrete Radiofrequency Ablation","volume":"95","author":"P Ja\u00efs","year":"1997","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1009893.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/eux274","article-title":"2017 HRS\/EHRA\/ECAS\/APHRS\/SOLAECE expert consensus statement on catheter and surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation","volume":"20","author":"H Calkins","year":"2018","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"pcbi.1009893.ref010","article-title":"Toward Mechanism-Directed Electrophenotype-Based Treatments for Atrial Fibrillation","volume":"11","author":"FS Ng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Frontiers in Physiology"},{"issue":"9","key":"pcbi.1009893.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1161\/hc0902.104712","article-title":"Pulmonary vein isolation for paroxysmal and persistent atrial fibrillation","volume":"105","author":"H Oral","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1009893.ref012","first-page":"62","article-title":"Atrial remodeling and atrial fibrillation: mechanisms and implications","volume":"1","author":"S Nattel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology"},{"key":"pcbi.1009893.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-012-0878-8","article-title":"Spatial complexity and spectral distribution variability of atrial activity in surface ECG recordings of atrial fibrillation","volume":"5","author":"L Di Marco","year":"2012","journal-title":"Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing"},{"issue":"7","key":"pcbi.1009893.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.005421","article-title":"Driver Domains in Persistent Atrial Fibrillation","volume":"130","author":"M Ha\u00efssaguerre","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"6","key":"pcbi.1009893.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelectrocard.2015.08.028","article-title":"Non-invasive cardiac mapping in clinical practice: Application to the ablation of cardiac arrhythmias","volume":"48","author":"R Dubois","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Electrocardiology"},{"issue":"14","key":"pcbi.1009893.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.945709","article-title":"Noninvasive characterization of epicardial activation in humans with diverse atrial fibrillation patterns","volume":"122","author":"PS Cuculich","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"3","key":"pcbi.1009893.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2018.10.010","article-title":"Performance and limitations of noninvasive cardiac activation mapping","volume":"16","author":"J Duchateau","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1009893.ref018","first-page":"294","article-title":"Noninvasive Localization of Maximal Frequency Sites of Atrial Fibrillation by Body Surface Potential Mapping","volume":"6","author":"MS Guillem","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulation: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology"},{"issue":"21","key":"pcbi.1009893.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3293","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000147781.02738.13","article-title":"Epicardial mapping of chronic atrial fibrillation in patients: Preliminary observations","volume":"110","author":"J Sahadevan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"3","key":"pcbi.1009893.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1109\/72.761722","article-title":"Fast and Robust Fixed-Point Algorithms for Independent Component Analysis","volume":"10","author":"A Hyv\u00e4rinen","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1009893.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1687-6180-2011-134","article-title":"Exploiting periodicity to extract the atrial activity in atrial arrhythmias","volume":"2011","author":"R Llinares","year":"2011","journal-title":"EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing"},{"issue":"8","key":"pcbi.1009893.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1935","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2008.919714","article-title":"Multichannel electrocardiogram decomposition using periodic component analysis","volume":"55","author":"R Sameni","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering"},{"issue":"6","key":"pcbi.1009893.ref023","first-page":"656","article-title":"Hierarchical Schema for Identifying Focal Electrical Sources During Human Atrial Fibrillation: Implications for Catheter-Based Atrial Substrate Ablation","volume":"2","author":"S Gizurarson","year":"2016","journal-title":"JACC: Clinical Electrophysiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1009893.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010933404324","article-title":"Random Forests","volume":"45","author":"L Breiman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Machine Learning"},{"issue":"48","key":"pcbi.1009893.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4556","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa159","article-title":"The \u2018Digital Twin\u2019 to enable the vision of precision cardiology","volume":"41","author":"J Corral-Acero","year":"2020","journal-title":"European Heart Journal"},{"issue":"11","key":"pcbi.1009893.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2044","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2003.12.054","article-title":"A new approach for catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation: mapping of the electrophysiologic substrate","volume":"43","author":"K Nademanee","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of the American College of Cardiology"},{"issue":"10","key":"pcbi.1009893.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.2007.00911.x","article-title":"A new approach for complete isolation of the posterior left atrium including pulmonary veins for atrial fibrillation","volume":"18","author":"K Kumagai","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"pcbi.1009893.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1005270","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1005270","article-title":"Novel non-invasive algorithm to identify the origins of re-entry and ectopic foci in the atria from 64-lead ECGs: A computational study","volume":"13","author":"EAP Alday","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Computational Biology"},{"issue":"JUL","key":"pcbi.1009893.ref029","first-page":"1","article-title":"Noninvasive Assessment of Atrial Fibrillation Complexity in Relation to Ablation Characteristics and Outcome","volume":"9","author":"M Meo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers in Physiology"},{"key":"pcbi.1009893.ref030","volume-title":"Pattern recognition and machine learning","author":"CM Bishop","year":"2006"},{"issue":"282","key":"pcbi.1009893.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1958.10501452","article-title":"Nonparametric Estimation from Incomplete Observations","volume":"53","author":"EL Kaplan","year":"1958","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"key":"pcbi.1009893.ref032","unstructured":"Davidson-Pilon C, Kalderstam J, Jacobson N, Reed S, Kuhn B, Zivich P, et al.. CamDavidsonPilon\/lifelines: 0.26.0; 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.4816284"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"pcbi.1009893.ref033","article-title":"Wavelength and vulnerability to atrial fibrillation: Insights from a computer model of human atria","volume":"7","author":"V Jacquemet","year":"2005","journal-title":"Europace"},{"issue":"5","key":"pcbi.1009893.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1006166","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1006166","article-title":"Variability in pulmonary vein electrophysiology and fibrosis determines arrhythmia susceptibility and dynamics","volume":"14","author":"CH Roney","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Computational Biology"},{"issue":"10","key":"pcbi.1009893.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.01.014","article-title":"Complexity and Distribution of Drivers in Relation to Duration of Persistent Atrial Fibrillation","volume":"69","author":"HS Lim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of the American College of Cardiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"pcbi.1009893.ref036","article-title":"Unraveling the Underlying Arrhythmia Mechanism in Persistent Atrial Fibrillation: Results from the STARLIGHT Study","volume":"11","author":"N Child","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"pcbi.1009893.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2004.03.077","article-title":"The effect of vagally induced dispersion of action potential duration on atrial arrhythmogenesis","volume":"1","author":"EJ Vigmond","year":"2004","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm"},{"key":"pcbi.1009893.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.01105","article-title":"Acetylcholine Delays Atrial Activation to Facilitate Atrial Fibrillation","volume":"10","author":"JD Bayer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Frontiers in Physiology"},{"issue":"Suppl 6","key":"pcbi.1009893.ref039","first-page":"64","article-title":"Atrial fibrillatory cycle length: computer simulation and potential clinical importance","volume":"9","author":"M Haissaguerre","year":"2007","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"pcbi.1009893.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1054\/jelc.2000.20357","article-title":"Effects of heart position on the body-surface electrocardiogram","volume":"33","author":"RS MacLeod","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Electrocardiology"},{"issue":"16","key":"pcbi.1009893.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2094","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.656504","article-title":"Mechanism underlying initiation of paroxysmal atrial flutter\/atrial fibrillation by ectopic foci: A simulation study","volume":"115","author":"Y Gong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"8","key":"pcbi.1009893.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.935288","article-title":"Complex Interactions Between the Sinoatrial Node and Atrium During Reentrant Arrhythmias in the Canine Heart","volume":"122","author":"VV Fedorov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1009893.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvdhj.2021.03.002","article-title":"Machine learning enables noninvasive prediction of atrial fibrillation driver location and acute pulmonary vein ablation success using the 12-lead ECG","volume":"2","author":"G Luongo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cardiovascular Digital Health Journal"},{"key":"pcbi.1009893.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"III55","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euy232","article-title":"Patient-specific simulations predict efficacy of ablation of interatrial connections for treatment of persistent atrial fibrillation","volume":"20","author":"CH Roney","year":"2018","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"pcbi.1009893.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"I3","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euaa385","article-title":"Characterizing the arrhythmogenic substrate in personalized models of atrial fibrillation: Sensitivity to mesh resolution and pacing protocol in AF models","volume":"23","author":"PM Boyle","year":"2021","journal-title":"Europace"},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"pcbi.1009893.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"iv21","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euu256","article-title":"A bilayermodel of human atria:mathematical background, construction, and assessment","volume":"16","author":"S Labarthe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Europace"},{"key":"pcbi.1009893.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2019.04.004","article-title":"Universal atrial coordinates applied to visualisation, registration and construction of patient specific meshes","volume":"55","author":"CH Roney","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medical Image Analysis"},{"issue":"SUPPL","key":"pcbi.1009893.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelectrocard.2003.09.017","article-title":"Computational tools for modeling electrical activity in cardiac tissue","volume":"36","author":"EJ Vigmond","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Electrocardiology"},{"issue":"APR","key":"pcbi.1009893.ref049","first-page":"1","article-title":"Novel radiofrequency ablation strategies for terminating atrial fibrillation in the left atrium: A simulation study","volume":"7","author":"JD Bayer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Frontiers in Physiology"},{"issue":"1954","key":"pcbi.1009893.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4331","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2011.0139","article-title":"Verification of cardiac tissue electrophysiology simulators using an N-version benchmark","volume":"369","author":"SA Niederer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences"},{"key":"pcbi.1009893.ref051","volume-title":"Bioelectricity: A quantitative approach","author":"R Plonsey","year":"2007"},{"issue":"6","key":"pcbi.1009893.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1005587","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1005587","article-title":"In silico assessment of genetic variation in KCNA5 reveals multiple mechanisms of human atrial arrhythmogenesis","volume":"13","author":"MA Colman","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Computational Biology"},{"key":"pcbi.1009893.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"I12","DOI":"10.1093\/europace\/euaa386","article-title":"Using machine learning to identify local cellular properties that support re-entrant activation in patient-specific models of atrial fibrillation","volume":"23","author":"C Corrado","year":"2021","journal-title":"Europace"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1009893.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1114\/1.1335538","article-title":"An experimentalist\u2019s approach to accurate localization of phase singularities during reentry","volume":"29","author":"AN Iyer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annals of Biomedical Engineering"},{"key":"pcbi.1009893.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seabold S, Perktold J. statsmodels: Econometric and statistical modeling with python. In: 9th Python in Science Conference; 2010.","DOI":"10.25080\/Majora-92bf1922-011"},{"issue":"31","key":"pcbi.1009893.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.01026","article-title":"Pingouin: statistics in Python","volume":"3","author":"R Vallat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Open Source Software"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1009893.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1109\/78.554307","article-title":"A blind source separation technique using second-order statistics","volume":"45","author":"A Belouchrani","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing"},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1009893.ref058","first-page":"383","article-title":"On spectral analysis with missing observations and amplitude modulation","volume":"25","author":"E Parzen","year":"1963","journal-title":"Sankhy\u0101: The Indian Journal of Statistics, Series A"},{"key":"pcbi.1009893.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1613\/jair.953","article-title":"SMOTE: Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique","volume":"16","author":"NV Chawla","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research"},{"key":"pcbi.1009893.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-7-91","article-title":"Bias in error estimation when using cross-validation for model selection","volume":"7","author":"S Varma","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"17","key":"pcbi.1009893.ref061","first-page":"1","article-title":"Imbalanced-learn: A Python Toolbox to Tackle the Curse of Imbalanced Datasets in Machine Learning","volume":"18","author":"G Lema\u00eetre","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Machine Learning Research"},{"key":"pcbi.1009893.ref062","first-page":"2825","article-title":"Scikit-learn: Machine Learning in Python","volume":"12","author":"F Pedregosa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Machine Learning Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"pcbi.1009893.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.1985.325532","article-title":"A Real-Time QRS Detection Algorithm","volume":"BME-32","author":"J Pan","year":"1985","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering"},{"key":"pcbi.1009893.ref064","first-page":"1","volume-title":"2020 Computing in Cardiology","author":"Y Feng","year":"2020"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1009893","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]],"date-time":"2022-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648684800000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Computational Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1009893","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]],"date-time":"2022-03-31T14:15:07Z","timestamp":1648736107000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1009893"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Alison L.","family":"Marsden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,21]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,21]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1009893","relation":{},"ISSN":["1553-7358"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-7358","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,21]]}}}