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However, it remains unclear how estimation of environmental controllability changes from childhood to adulthood. Ninety participants (ages 8\u201325) completed a task that covertly alternated between controllable and uncontrollable conditions, requiring them to explore different actions to discover the current degree of environmental controllability. We found that while children were able to distinguish controllable and uncontrollable conditions, accuracy of controllability assessments improved with age. Computational modeling revealed that whereas younger participants\u2019 controllability assessments relied on evidence gleaned through random exploration, older participants more effectively recruited their task structure knowledge to make highly informative interventions. Age-related improvements in working memory mediated this qualitative shift toward increased use of an inferential strategy. Collectively, these findings reveal an age-related shift in the cognitive processes engaged to assess environmental controllability. Improved detection of environmental controllability may foster increasingly adaptive behavior over development by revealing when actions can be leveraged for one\u2019s benefit.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1010120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]],"date-time":"2022-06-01T17:49:16Z","timestamp":1654105756000},"page":"e1010120","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Developmental shifts in computations used to detect environmental controllability"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1715-7667","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hillary A.","family":"Raab","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2984-834X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Careen","family":"Foord","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4933-3976","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Romain","family":"Ligneul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0177-7295","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Catherine A.","family":"Hartley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"pcbi.1010120.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2015.08.013","article-title":"Deciding How To Decide: Self-Control and Meta-Decision Making","volume":"19","author":"Y-L Boureau","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"pcbi.1010120.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13737-7","article-title":"Controllability governs the balance between Pavlovian and instrumental action selection","volume":"10","author":"HM Dorfman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"pcbi.1010120.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1111\/cdep.12024","article-title":"Infants May Use Contingency Analysis to Estimate Environmental States: An Evolutionary, Life-History Perspective","volume":"7","author":"WE Frankenhuis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Child Dev Perspect"},{"key":"pcbi.1010120.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2017.14","article-title":"Sense of agency in the human brain","volume":"18","author":"P. 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