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We use computational modeling of a richly naturalistic task to disentangle the role of negative priors versus negatively biased belief updating and to investigate their association with different dimensions of Internalizing psychopathology. Undergraduate participants first provided profiles for a hypothetical tech internship. They then viewed pairs of other profiles and selected the individual they would prefer to work alongside out of each pair. In a subsequent phase of the experiment, participants made judgments about their relative popularity as hypothetical internship partners both before any feedback and after each of 20 items of feedback revealing whether or not they had been selected as the preferred teammate from a given pairing. Scores on latent factors of general negative affect, anxiety-specific affect and depression-specific affect were estimated using participants\u2019 self-report scores on standardized measures of anxiety and depression together with factor loadings from a bifactor analysis conducted previously. Higher scores on the depression-specific factor were linked to more negative prior beliefs but were not associated with differences in belief updating. In contrast, higher scores on the anxiety-specific factor were associated with a negative bias in belief updating but no difference in prior beliefs. These findings indicate that, to at least some extent, distinct processes may impact the formation of belief priors and in-the-moment belief updating and that these processes may be differentially disrupted in depression and anxiety. Future directions for enquiry include examination of the possibility that prior beliefs biases in depression might reflect generalization from prior experiences or global schema whereas belief updating biases in anxiety might be more situationally specific.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1010176","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,15]],"date-time":"2022-08-15T17:37:58Z","timestamp":1660585078000},"page":"e1010176","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Biased belief priors versus biased belief updating: Differential correlates of depression and anxiety"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2241-5285","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Christopher","family":"Gagne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sharon","family":"Agai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2909-6563","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Christian","family":"Ramiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3476-1839","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Peter","family":"Dayan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7833-3030","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sonia","family":"Bishop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"pcbi.1010176.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.105.2.286","article-title":"Anxiety, depression, and the anticipation of future positive and negative experiences","volume":"105","author":"AK MacLeod","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"pcbi.1010176.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1080\/026999396380394","article-title":"Affect, emotional disorder, and future-directed thinking","volume":"10","author":"AK MacLeod","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cogn Emot"},{"key":"pcbi.1010176.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/0146-6402(83)90015-2","article-title":"Cognitive processes in anxiety","volume":"5","author":"G Butler","year":"1983","journal-title":"Adv Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"pcbi.1010176.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2004.12.001","article-title":"Anxiety, depression, and judgments about the probability of future negative and positive events in children","volume":"20","author":"P Muris","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"key":"pcbi.1010176.ref005","author":"AT Beck","year":"1967","journal-title":"Depression Harper and Row: New York"},{"key":"pcbi.1010176.ref006","article-title":"Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders","author":"AT Beck","year":"1979","journal-title":"Penguin"},{"key":"pcbi.1010176.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.96.2.358","article-title":"Hopelessness depression: A theory-based subtype of depression","volume":"96","author":"LY Abramson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Psychol Rev"},{"key":"pcbi.1010176.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16311","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0706111104","article-title":"Genetic triple dissociation reveals multiple roles for dopamine in reinforcement learning","volume":"104","author":"MJ Frank","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"pcbi.1010176.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-805308-9.00023-3","article-title":"Opponent brain systems for reward and punishment learning: causal evidence from drug and lesion studies in humans","author":"S Palminteri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Decision Neuroscience. 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