{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T09:49:39Z","timestamp":1777110579630,"version":"3.51.4"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1010214","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656633600000}}],"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,21]],"date-time":"2022-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655769600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"KAKENHI","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["19H04994"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19H04994"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"KAKENHI","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["18H05213"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18H05213"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"SRS Research Assistantship of OIST"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ploscompbiol.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Comput Biol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The brain performs various cognitive functions by learning the spatiotemporal salient features of the environment. This learning requires unsupervised segmentation of hierarchically organized spike sequences, but the underlying neural mechanism is only poorly understood. Here, we show that a recurrent gated network of neurons with dendrites can efficiently solve difficult segmentation tasks. In this model, multiplicative recurrent connections learn a context-dependent gating of dendro-somatic information transfers to minimize error in the prediction of somatic responses by the dendrites. Consequently, these connections filter the redundant input features represented by the dendrites but unnecessary in the given context. The model was tested on both synthetic and real neural data. In particular, the model was successful for segmenting multiple cell assemblies repeating in large-scale calcium imaging data containing thousands of cortical neurons. Our results suggest that recurrent gating of dendro-somatic signal transfers is crucial for cortical learning of context-dependent segmentation tasks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1010214","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,21]],"date-time":"2022-06-21T17:34:56Z","timestamp":1655832896000},"page":"e1010214","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Neural circuit mechanisms of hierarchical sequence learning tested on large-scale recording data"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0951-5791","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Toshitake","family":"Asabuki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7946-4611","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Prajakta","family":"Kokate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6977-5638","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tomoki","family":"Fukai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"pcbi.1010214.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1926","DOI":"10.1126\/science.274.5294.1926","article-title":"Statistical learning by 8-month-old infants","volume":"274","author":"JR Saffran","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"pcbi.1010214.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00801","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.00801","article-title":"Skill learning strengthens cortical representations of motor sequences","volume":"2","author":"T Wiestler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"pcbi.1010214.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2282-13.2014","article-title":"Bihemispheric transcranial direct current stimulation enhances effector-independent representations of motor synergy and sequence learning","volume":"34","author":"S Waters-Metenier","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurosci"},{"key":"pcbi.1010214.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.09.019","article-title":"The neural representation of sequences: from transition probabilities to algebraic patterns and linguistic trees","volume":"88","author":"S Dehaene","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"pcbi.1010214.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7203","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4100-14.2015","article-title":"Dynamic encoding of speech sequence probability in human temporal cortex","volume":"35","author":"MK Leonard","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurosci"},{"key":"pcbi.1010214.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-46908-z","article-title":"Emergence of hierarchical organization in memory for random material","volume":"9","author":"M Naim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep"},{"key":"pcbi.1010214.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabc4530","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abc4530","article-title":"Learning hierarchical sequence representations across human cortex and hippocampus","volume":"7","author":"S Henin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Adv"},{"key":"pcbi.1010214.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1037\/rev0000177","article-title":"Structured Event Memory: A neuro-symbolic model of event cognition","volume":"127","author":"NT Franklin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev"},{"key":"pcbi.1010214.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.101.2.343","article-title":"The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information","volume":"101","author":"GA Miller","year":"1956","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev"},{"key":"pcbi.1010214.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7375930","article-title":"Acquisition of a memory skill","volume":"208","author":"KA Ericcson","year":"1980","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"pcbi.1010214.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2745","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0708424105","article-title":"Bayesian learning of visual chunks by human observers","volume":"105","author":"G Orb\u00e1n","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"pcbi.1010214.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e62","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X1500031X","article-title":"The now-or-never bottleneck: A fundamental constraint on language","volume":"39","author":"MH Christiansen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Behav. brain sci"},{"key":"pcbi.1010214.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2397-3","article-title":"Hidden neural states underlie canary song syntax","volume":"582","author":"Y Cohen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pcbi.1010214.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10081","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3423-08.2008","article-title":"The posterior parietal cortex encodes in parallel both goals for double-reach sequences","volume":"28","author":"D Baldauf","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosci"},{"key":"pcbi.1010214.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1038\/371413a0","article-title":"Role for supplementary motor area cells in planning several movements ahead","volume":"371","author":"J Tanji","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pcbi.1010214.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2019.06.017","article-title":"Neural organization of hierarchical motor sequence representations in the human neocortex","volume":"103","author":"A Yokoi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"pcbi.1010214.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4186","article-title":"Cortical tracking of hierarchical linguistic structures in connected speech","volume":"19","author":"N Ding","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci"},{"key":"pcbi.1010214.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11515","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5044-12.2013","article-title":"Emergence of dynamic memory traces in cortical microcircuit models through STDP","volume":"33","author":"S Klampfl","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurosci"},{"key":"pcbi.1010214.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15367-w","article-title":"Somatodendritic consistency check for temporal feature segmentation","volume":"11","author":"T Asabuki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun"},{"key":"pcbi.1010214.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1189664","article-title":"Dendritic discrimination of temporal input sequences in cortical neurons","volume":"329","author":"T Branco","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"pcbi.1010214.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22783","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1911633116","article-title":"Oscillatory recurrent gated neural integrator circuits (ORGaNICs), a unifying theoretical framework for neural dynamics","volume":"116","author":"DJ Heeger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"pcbi.1010214.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.11.030","article-title":"Learning by the Dendritic Prediction of Somatic Spiking","volume":"81","author":"R Urbanczik","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"pcbi.1010214.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4745","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-12724-2","article-title":"Revealing neural correlates of behavior without behavioral measurements","volume":"10","author":"A Rubin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun"},{"key":"pcbi.1010214.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aav7893","article-title":"Spontaneous behaviors drive multidimensional, brainwide activity","volume":"364","author":"C Stringer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"pcbi.1010214.ref025","article-title":"Recordings of ten thousand neurons in visual cortex during spontaneous behaviors","author":"C Stringer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Database: figshare"},{"key":"pcbi.1010214.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08947","article-title":"Dendritic organization of sensory input to cortical neurons in vivo","volume":"464","author":"H Jia","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pcbi.1010214.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2019.10.016","article-title":"Somatic and dendritic encoding of spatial variables in retrosplenial cortex differs during 2D navigation","volume":"105","author":"J Voigts","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"pcbi.1010214.ref028","article-title":"The dendritic spatial code: branch-specific place tuning and its experience-dependent decoupling","author":"SK Rashid","year":"2020","journal-title":"BioRxiv"},{"key":"pcbi.1010214.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0305337101","article-title":"Division of labor among distinct subtypes of inhibitory neurons in a cortical microcircuit of working memory","volume":"101","author":"XJ Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"pcbi.1010214.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002550","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1002550","article-title":"Location-dependent effects of inhibition on local spiking in pyramidal neuron dendrites","volume":"8","author":"M Jadi","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol"},{"key":"pcbi.1010214.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2014.12.010","article-title":"Selective disinhibition: a unified neural mechanism for predictive and post hoc attentional selection","volume":"116","author":"D Sridharan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"pcbi.1010214.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12815","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms12815","article-title":"A dendritic disinhibitory circuit mechanism for pathway-specific gating","volume":"7","author":"GR Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun"},{"key":"pcbi.1010214.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2062-x","article-title":"Recurrent interactions in local cortical circuits","volume":"579","author":"S Peron","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pcbi.1010214.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01190","article-title":"Multiplicative computation in a visual neuron sensitive to looming","volume":"420","author":"F Gabbiani","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pcbi.1010214.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.01.024","article-title":"General anesthesia decouples cortical pyramidal neurons","volume":"180","author":"M Suzuki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"pcbi.1010214.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1997.9.8.1735","article-title":"Long short-term memory","volume":"9","author":"S Hochreiter","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neural Comput"},{"key":"pcbi.1010214.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007383707642","article-title":"Shifting inductive bias with success-story algorithm, adaptive Levin search, and incremental self-improvement","volume":"28","author":"J Schmidhuber","year":"1997","journal-title":"Machine Learning"},{"key":"pcbi.1010214.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-5529-2_1","volume-title":"Learning to learn","author":"S Thrun","year":"1998"},{"key":"pcbi.1010214.ref039","first-page":"1126","article-title":"Model-agnostic meta-learning for fast adaptation of deep networks","volume":"70","author":"C Finn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Conf. Machine Learning"},{"key":"pcbi.1010214.ref040","article-title":"Learning to learn how to learn: Self-adaptive visual navigation using meta-learning","author":"M Wortsman","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},{"key":"pcbi.1010214.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2451","DOI":"10.1162\/089976600300015015","article-title":"Learning to Forget: Continual Prediction with LSTM.","volume":"12","author":"FA Gers","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neural Comput"},{"key":"pcbi.1010214.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2222","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2016.2582924","article-title":"LSTM: A search space odyssey","volume":"28","author":"K Greff","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Netw"},{"key":"pcbi.1010214.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1993.70.4.1629","article-title":"Spatiotemporal firing patterns in the frontal cortex of behaving monkeys","volume":"70","author":"M Abeles","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol"},{"key":"pcbi.1010214.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1148979","article-title":"Fast-forward playback of recent memory sequences in prefrontal cortex during sleep","volume":"318","author":"DR Euston","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"pcbi.1010214.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002385","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1002385","article-title":"State-space analysis of time-varying higher-order spike correlation for multiple neural spike train data","volume":"8","author":"H Shimazaki","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol"},{"key":"pcbi.1010214.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e38471","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.38471","article-title":"Unsupervised discovery of temporal sequences in high-dimensional datasets, with applications to neuroscience","volume":"8","author":"EL Mackevicius","year":"2019","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"pcbi.1010214.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3389\/fninf.2019.00039","article-title":"Unsupervised detection of cell-assembly sequences by similarity-based clustering","volume":"13","author":"K Watanabe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neuroinform"},{"key":"pcbi.1010214.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1136800","article-title":"Clustering by passing messages between data points","volume":"315","author":"BJ Frey","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"pcbi.1010214.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.1987.4309069","article-title":"Entropy and correlation: Some comments","volume":"17","author":"TO Kvalseth","year":"1987","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics"},{"key":"pcbi.1010214.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.2307\/1412159","article-title":"The proof and measurement of association between two things","volume":"15","author":"C. Spearman","year":"1904","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychology"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1010214","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656633600000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Computational Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1010214","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T17:49:47Z","timestamp":1656697787000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1010214"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Abigail","family":"Morrison","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,21]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,21]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1010214","relation":{"new_version":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1010214","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1553-7358"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-7358","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,21]]}}}