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Whereas most research focuses on how people deal with external interferences, here we investigate the use of proactive and reactive control in dealing with unwanted thoughts. To examine this question, we asked people to generate an association to each of several repeating cue words, while forbidding the repetition of associations. Reactively rejecting and replacing unwanted repeated associations after they occur entails slower response times. Conversely, proactive control entails constricting the search space and thus faster response times. To gain further insight into different potential proactive thought control mechanisms, we augmented the analysis of raw response times with a novel, hypothesis-based, tractable computational model describing how people serially sample associations. Our results indicate that people primarily react to unwanted thoughts after they occur. Yet, we found evidence for two latent proactive control mechanisms: one that allows people to mitigate the episodic strengthening of repeated thoughts, and another that helps avoid looping in a repetitive thought. Exploratory analysis showed a relationship between model parameters and self-reported individual differences in the control over unwanted thoughts in daily life. The findings indicate the novel task and model can advance our understanding of how people can and cannot control their thoughts and memories, and benefit future research on the mechanisms responsible for unwanted thought in different psychiatric conditions. Finally, we discuss implications concerning the involvement of associative thinking and various control processes in semantic fluency, decision-making and creativity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1010285","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,14]],"date-time":"2022-07-14T17:27:16Z","timestamp":1657819636000},"page":"e1010285","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["If you don\u2019t let it in, you don\u2019t have to get it out: Thought preemption as a method to control unwanted thoughts"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6387-1941","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Isaac","family":"Fradkin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8988-6124","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eran","family":"Eldar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"pcbi.1010285.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.1994.tb00311.x","article-title":"Chronic thought suppression","volume":"62","author":"DM Wegner","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Pers"},{"key":"pcbi.1010285.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(01)00095-X","article-title":"Thought suppression in obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"40","author":"DF Tolin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"pcbi.1010285.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(94)90168-6","article-title":"The Thought Control Questionnaire: a measure of individual differences in the control of unwanted thoughts","volume":"32","author":"A Wells","year":"1994","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"pcbi.1010285.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1007\/s00426-016-0756-3","article-title":"Intrusive thoughts: linking spontaneous mind wandering and OCD symptomatology","volume":"81","author":"P Seli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol Res"},{"key":"pcbi.1010285.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702618797102","article-title":"Thoughts as Unexpected Intruders: Context, Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms, and the Sense of Agency Over Thoughts","volume":"7","author":"I Fradkin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clinical Psychological Science"},{"key":"pcbi.1010285.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797615569889","article-title":"Failing to forget: inhibitory-control deficits compromise memory suppression in posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"26","author":"A Catarino","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"key":"pcbi.1010285.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocrd.2018.06.001","article-title":"When our train of thought goes off track: The different facets of out-of-context thoughts in obsessive compulsive disorder","volume":"18","author":"I Fradkin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Obsessive Compuls Relat Disord"},{"key":"pcbi.1010285.ref008","first-page":"900","article-title":"A penny for your thoughts: dimensions of self-generated thought content and relationships with individual differences in emotional wellbeing","volume":"4","author":"JR Andrews-Hanna","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"pcbi.1010285.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.121.4.480","article-title":"Optimizing the use of information: strategic control of activation of responses","volume":"121","author":"G Gratton","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Gen"},{"volume-title":"Dual-Process Theories in Social Psychology. 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