{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T05:14:25Z","timestamp":1778649265548,"version":"3.51.4"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1010289","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]],"date-time":"2023-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677542400000}}],"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]],"date-time":"2023-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676419200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Cantons of Basel","award":["PMB-01-17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PMB-01-17"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ploscompbiol.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Comput Biol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Accurate treatment adjustment to physical activity (PA) remains a challenging problem in type 1 diabetes (T1D) management. Exercise-driven effects on glucose metabolism depend strongly on duration and intensity of the activity, and are highly variable between patients. In-silico evaluation can support the development of improved treatment strategies, and can facilitate personalized treatment optimization. This requires models of the glucose-insulin system that capture relevant exercise-related processes. We developed a model of glucose-insulin regulation that describes changes in glucose metabolism for aerobic moderate- to high-intensity PA of short and prolonged duration. In particular, we incorporated the insulin-independent increase in glucose uptake and production, including glycogen depletion, and the prolonged rise in insulin sensitivity. The model further includes meal absorption and insulin kinetics, allowing simulation of everyday scenarios. The model accurately predicts glucose dynamics for varying PA scenarios in a range of independent validation data sets, and full-day simulations with PA of different timing, duration and intensity agree with clinical observations. We personalized the model on data from a multi-day free-living study of children with T1D by adjusting a small number of model parameters to each child. To assess the use of the personalized models for individual treatment evaluation, we compared subject-specific treatment options for PA management in replay simulations of the recorded data with altered meal, insulin and PA inputs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1010289","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]],"date-time":"2023-02-15T13:47:21Z","timestamp":1676468841000},"page":"e1010289","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["New model of glucose-insulin regulation characterizes effects of physical activity and facilitates personalized treatment evaluation in children and adults with type 1 diabetes"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1364-908X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Julia","family":"Deichmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Bachmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6274-5900","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marie-Anne","family":"Burckhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Pfister","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabor","family":"Szinnai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2500-1221","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hans-Michael","family":"Kaltenbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Supplement 1","key":"pcbi.1010289.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S81","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-S081","article-title":"Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"37","author":"American Diabetes Association","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"pcbi.1010289.ref002","volume-title":"Advances in Artificial Pancreas Systems\u2014Adaptive and Multivariable Predictive Control","author":"A Cinar","year":"2017"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1010289.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s42234-018-0015-6","article-title":"Automated closed-loop control of diabetes: the artificial pancreas","volume":"4","author":"B Kovatchev","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioelectronic Medicine"},{"issue":"7","key":"pcbi.1010289.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2019.04.008","article-title":"A Century of Diabetes Technology: Signals, Models, and Artificial Pancreas Control","volume":"30","author":"B Kovatchev","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1010289.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1177\/1932296813514502","article-title":"The UVA\/PADOVA type 1 diabetes simulator: New features","volume":"8","author":"C Dalla Man","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology"},{"issue":"6","key":"pcbi.1010289.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1177\/1932296820973193","article-title":"Replay Simulations with Personalized Metabolic Model for Treatment Design and Evaluation in Type 1 Diabetes","volume":"15","author":"J Hughes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1010289.ref007","first-page":"17","article-title":"Glucoregulation during and after exercise in health and insulin-dependent diabetes","volume":"33","author":"RC Camacho","year":"2005","journal-title":"Exercise and sport sciences reviews"},{"issue":"5","key":"pcbi.1010289.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(17)30014-1","article-title":"Exercise management in type 1 diabetes: a consensus statement","volume":"5","author":"MC Riddell","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Lancet Diabetes and Endocrinology"},{"issue":"June","key":"pcbi.1010289.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.12755","article-title":"ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2018: Exercise in children and adolescents with diabetes","volume":"19","author":"P Adolfsson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatric Diabetes"},{"issue":"January","key":"pcbi.1010289.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S20","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-S007","article-title":"4. Foundations of care: Education, nutrition, physical activity, smoking cessation, psychosocial care, and immunization","volume":"38","author":"American Diabetes Association","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"11","key":"pcbi.1010289.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2065","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-1728","article-title":"Physical activity\/exercise and diabetes: A position statement of the American Diabetes Association","volume":"39","author":"SR Colberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"11","key":"pcbi.1010289.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2108","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-0720","article-title":"Barriers to physical activity among patients with type 1 diabetes","volume":"31","author":"AS Brazeau","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"pcbi.1010289.ref013","article-title":"Simulation-based evaluation of treatment adjustment to exercise in type 1 diabetes","author":"J Deichmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Endocrinology"},{"issue":"3","key":"pcbi.1010289.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1177\/1932296814566231","article-title":"Physical activity and type 1 diabetes: Time for a rewire?","volume":"9","author":"SR Colberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology"},{"issue":"6","key":"pcbi.1010289.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1177\/1932296815609370","article-title":"Exercise and the Development of the Artificial Pancreas: One of the More Difficult Series of Hurdles","volume":"9","author":"MC Riddell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of diabetes science and technology"},{"issue":"6","key":"pcbi.1010289.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1177\/1932296819869310","article-title":"Artificial Pancreas Systems and Physical Activity in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes: Challenges, Adopted Approaches, and Future Perspectives","volume":"13","author":"S Tagougui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology"},{"issue":"3","key":"pcbi.1010289.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1177\/193229680700100305","article-title":"Dynamic Modeling of Exercise Effects on Plasma Glucose and Insulin Levels","volume":"1","author":"A Roy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology"},{"issue":"6","key":"pcbi.1010289.ref018","first-page":"E667","article-title":"Quantitative estimation of insulin sensitivity","volume":"236","author":"RN Bergman","year":"1979","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1010289.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1177\/193229680800200127","article-title":"Physical activity-the major unaccounted impediment to closed loop control","volume":"2","author":"MD Breton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1010289.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1177\/193229680900300107","article-title":"Physical Activity into the Meal Glucose\u2013Insulin Model of Type 1 Diabetes: In Silico Studies","volume":"3","author":"C Dalla Man","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology"},{"issue":"10","key":"pcbi.1010289.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1740","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2007.893506","article-title":"Meal simulation model of the glucose- insulin system","volume":"54","author":"C Dalla Man","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biom Engin"},{"issue":"3 March","key":"pcbi.1010289.ref022","first-page":"1","article-title":"Modelling glucose dynamics during moderate exercise in individuals with type 1 diabetes","volume":"16","author":"H Alkhateeb","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1010289.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.3182\/20020721-6-ES-1901.01350","article-title":"Modeling exercise effects in type I diabetic patients","volume":"35","author":"PJ Lenart","year":"2002","journal-title":"IFAC Proceedings Volumes"},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1010289.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2007.11.028","article-title":"An extension to the compartmental model of type 1 diabetic patients to reproduce exercise periods with glycogen depletion and replenishment","volume":"41","author":"M Hern\u00e1ndez-Ordo\u00f1ez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Biomechanics"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1010289.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-006-9201-x","article-title":"Multi-scale computational model of fuel homeostasis during exercise: Effect of hormonal control","volume":"35","author":"J Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annals of Biomedical Engineering"},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1010289.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1006073","article-title":"Personalizing physical exercise in a computational model of fuel homeostasis","volume":"14","author":"MC Palumbo","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Computational Biology"},{"issue":"7","key":"pcbi.1010289.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0217301","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0217301","article-title":"A statistical virtual patient population for the glucoregulatory system in type 1 diabetes with integrated exercise model","volume":"14","author":"N Resalat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plos One"},{"key":"pcbi.1010289.ref028","first-page":"6","article-title":"Hyperglycemia But Not Hyperinsulinemia Is Favorable for Exercise in Type 1 Diabetes: A Pilot Study","author":"D Romeres","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"Supplement 1","key":"pcbi.1010289.ref029","article-title":"691-P: Exercise Effect on Endogenous Glucose Production in Type 1 Diabetes: A Modeling Analysis","volume":"69","author":"et al","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"pcbi.1010289.ref030","article-title":"Exercise Effect on Insulin-Dependent and Insulin-Independent Glucose Utilization in Healthy and Type 1 Diabetes Individuals. A Modeling Study","author":"D Romeres","year":"2021","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"issue":"3","key":"pcbi.1010289.ref031","article-title":"Separating insulin-mediated and non-insulin-mediated glucose uptake during and after aerobic exercise in type 1 diabetes","volume":"320","author":"TTP Nguyen","year":"2021","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology\u2014Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"issue":"7","key":"pcbi.1010289.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e95","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-0411","article-title":"Nocturnal hypoglycemia and physical activity in children with diabetes: New insights by continuous glucose monitoring and accelerometry","volume":"39","author":"S Bachmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"3 Pt 1","key":"pcbi.1010289.ref033","first-page":"E481","article-title":"Minimal model SG overestimation and SI underestimation: improved accuracy by a Bayesian two-compartment model","volume":"277","author":"C Cobelli","year":"1999","journal-title":"The American journal of physiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"pcbi.1010289.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-2607(00)00071-7","article-title":"Models of subcutaneous insulin kinetics. A critical review","volume":"62","author":"G Nucci","year":"2000","journal-title":"Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1010289.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/25\/4\/010","article-title":"Nonlinear model predictive control of glucose concentration in subjects with type 1 diabetes","volume":"25","author":"R Hovorka","year":"2004","journal-title":"Physiological Measurement"},{"key":"pcbi.1010289.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2015.07.020","article-title":"Exercise and Regulation of Carbohydrate Metabolism","volume":"135","author":"JD Mul","year":"2015","journal-title":"Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science"},{"issue":"12","key":"pcbi.1010289.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2715","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI106772","article-title":"Glucose metabolism during leg exercise in man","volume":"50","author":"J Wahren","year":"1971","journal-title":"The Journal of clinical investigation"},{"issue":"3","key":"pcbi.1010289.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E543","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00232.2016","article-title":"Liver glycogen metabolism during and after prolonged endurance-type exercise","volume":"311","author":"JT Gonzalez","year":"2016","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology\u2014Endocrinology And Metabolism"},{"issue":"SUPPL","key":"pcbi.1010289.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.51.2007.S271","article-title":"Intense exercise has unique effects on both insulin release and its roles in glucoregulation: Implications for diabetes","volume":"51","author":"EB Marliss","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1010289.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-1017","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of three different formulations of insulin aspart: A randomized, double-blind, crossover study in men with type 1 diabetes","volume":"44","author":"E Svehlikova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1010289.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E37","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.1991.260.1.E37","article-title":"Interaction of exercise and insulin action in humans","volume":"260","author":"DH Wasserman","year":"1991","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"issue":"14","key":"pcbi.1010289.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410802334196","article-title":"Calibration of two objective measures of physical activity for children","volume":"26","author":"KR Evenson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Sports Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"pcbi.1010289.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI112388","article-title":"Role of changes in insulin and glucagon in glucose homeostasis in exercise","volume":"77","author":"RR Wolfe","year":"1986","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1010289.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI110440","article-title":"Lactate and glucose exchange across the forearm, legs, and splanchnic bed during and after prolonged leg exercise","volume":"69","author":"G Ahlborg","year":"1982","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"issue":"Supplement 1","key":"pcbi.1010289.ref045","article-title":"Effects of Hyperglycemia and Hyperinsulinemia on Glucose Turnover during Exercise in Type 1 Diabetes","volume":"67","author":"D Romeres","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"6","key":"pcbi.1010289.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2016.0461","article-title":"Closed-loop insulin delivery for adults with type 1 diabetes undertaking high-intensity interval exercise versus moderate-intensity exercise: A randomized, crossover study","volume":"19","author":"DC Jayawardene","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Technology and Therapeutics"},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1010289.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.24.4.625","article-title":"Guidelines for premeal insulin dose reduction for postprandial exercise of different intensities and durations in type 1 diabetic subjects treated intensively with a basal-bolus insulin regimen (ultralente-lispro)","volume":"24","author":"R Rabasa-Lhoret","year":"2001","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"10","key":"pcbi.1010289.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2010.0038","article-title":"Continuous glucose monitoring reveals delayed nocturnal hypoglycemia after intermittent high-intensity exercise in nontrained patients with type 1 diabetes","volume":"12","author":"A Maran","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Technology and Therapeutics"},{"issue":"7","key":"pcbi.1010289.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2011.03274.x","article-title":"Continuous moderate-intensity exercise with or without intermittent high-intensity work: Effects on acute and late glycaemia in athletes with Type1 diabetes mellitus","volume":"28","author":"KE Iscoe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetic Medicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"pcbi.1010289.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2017.0010","article-title":"The effects of basal insulin suspension at the start of exercise on blood glucose levels during continuous versus circuit-based exercise in individuals with type 1 diabetes on continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion","volume":"19","author":"D Zaharieva","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Technology and Therapeutics"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1010289.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31826c6ad3","article-title":"Glucose or intermittent high-intensity exercise in glargine\/glulisine users with T1DM","volume":"45","author":"MC Dub\u00e9","year":"2013","journal-title":"Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise"},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1010289.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI107645","article-title":"Substrate turnover during prolonged exercise in man. Splanchnic and leg metabolism of glucose, free fatty acids, and amino acids","volume":"53","author":"G Ahlborg","year":"1974","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1010289.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.28.2.416","article-title":"Intermittent high-intensity exercise does not increase the risk of early postexercise hypoglycemia in individuals with type 1 diabetes","volume":"28","author":"K Guelfi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"7","key":"pcbi.1010289.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2019.0048","article-title":"Predicting Nocturnal Hypoglycemia with Measures of Physical Activity Intensity in Adolescent Athletes with Type 1 Diabetes","volume":"21","author":"JR Jaggers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Technology and Therapeutics"},{"issue":"3","key":"pcbi.1010289.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1177\/1932296814566233","article-title":"Effects of performing morning versus afternoon exercise on glycemic control and hypoglycemia frequency in type 1 diabetes patients on sensor-augmented insulin pump therapy","volume":"9","author":"AM Gomez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology"},{"issue":"10","key":"pcbi.1010289.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1005153","article-title":"Structural Identifiability of Dynamic Systems Biology Models","volume":"12","author":"AF Villaverde","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Computational Biology"},{"key":"pcbi.1010289.ref057","unstructured":"Xie J. Simglucose v0.2.1; 2018. Available from: https:\/\/github.com\/jxx123\/simglucose."},{"issue":"5","key":"pcbi.1010289.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1177\/193229680900300508","article-title":"Identification of intraday metabolic profiles during closed-loop glucose control in individuals with type 1 diabetes","volume":"3","author":"SS Kanderian","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology"},{"issue":"3p1","key":"pcbi.1010289.ref059","first-page":"380","article-title":"Regulation of endogenous fat and carbohydrate metabolism in relation to exercise intensity and duration","volume":"265","author":"JA Romijn","year":"1993","journal-title":"The American Journal of Physiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1010289.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2001.00295.x","article-title":"The effects of increasing exercise intensity on muscle fuel utilisation in humans","volume":"536","author":"LJC Van Loon","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Physiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"pcbi.1010289.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-4026","article-title":"Effect of exercise intensity on glucose requirements to maintain euglycemia during exercise in type 1 diabetes","volume":"101","author":"VB Shetty","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"issue":"9","key":"pcbi.1010289.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4656","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-0408","article-title":"Regulation of net hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis during exercise: Impact of type 1 diabetes","volume":"89","author":"KF Petersen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1010289.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/S1499-2671(06)01010-0","article-title":"Type 1 diabetes and vigorous exercise: Applications of exercise physiology to patient management","volume":"30","author":"MC Riddell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Diabetes"},{"issue":"12","key":"pcbi.1010289.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1106","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00014.2015","article-title":"Exercise effects on postprandial glucose metabolism in type 1 diabetes: A triple-tracer approach","volume":"308","author":"A Mallad","year":"2015","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology\u2014Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"issue":"6","key":"pcbi.1010289.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200106001-00005","article-title":"Type of activity: resistance, aerobic and leisure versus occupational physical activity","volume":"33","author":"ET Howley","year":"2001","journal-title":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1010289","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]],"date-time":"2023-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677542400000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Computational Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1010289","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]],"date-time":"2023-02-28T14:51:28Z","timestamp":1677595888000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1010289"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"James","family":"Gallo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1010289","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2022.06.10.495592","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1553-7358"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-7358","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]]}}}