{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T06:38:11Z","timestamp":1772087891723,"version":"3.50.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1010294","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]],"date-time":"2022-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658793600000}}],"reference-count":110,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,11]],"date-time":"2022-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657497600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01MH110311"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH110311"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P51OD011106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P51OD011106"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006221","name":"United States - Israel Binational Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["201732"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201732"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006221","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Wisconsin National Primate Research Center","award":["Pilot Grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Pilot Grant"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ploscompbiol.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Comput Biol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Anesthetic manipulations provide much-needed causal evidence for neural correlates of consciousness, but non-specific drug effects complicate their interpretation. Evidence suggests that thalamic deep brain stimulation (DBS) can either increase or decrease consciousness, depending on the stimulation target and parameters. The putative role of the central lateral thalamus (CL) in consciousness makes it an ideal DBS target to manipulate circuit-level mechanisms in cortico-striato-thalamic (CST) systems, thereby influencing consciousness and related processes. We used multi-microelectrode DBS targeted to CL in macaques while recording from frontal, parietal, and striatal regions. DBS induced episodes of abnormally long, vacant staring with low-frequency oscillations here termed vacant, perturbed consciousness (VPC). DBS modulated VPC likelihood in a frequency-specific manner. VPC events corresponded to decreases in measures of neural complexity (entropy) and integration (\u03a6*), proposed indices of consciousness, and substantial changes to communication in CST circuits. During VPC, power spectral density and coherence at low frequencies increased across CST circuits, especially in thalamo-parietal and cortico-striatal pathways. Decreased consciousness and neural integration corresponded to shifts in cortico-striatal network configurations that dissociated parietal and subcortical structures. Overall, the features of VPC and implicated networks were similar to those of absence epilepsy. As this same multi-microelectrode DBS method\u2013but at different stimulation frequencies\u2013can also increase consciousness in anesthetized macaques, it can be used to flexibly address questions of consciousness with limited confounds, as well as inform clinical investigations of other consciousness disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1010294","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,11]],"date-time":"2022-07-11T17:32:04Z","timestamp":1657560724000},"page":"e1010294","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Thalamic deep brain stimulation paradigm to reduce consciousness: Cortico-striatal dynamics implicated in mechanisms of consciousness"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1367-8606","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Michelle J.","family":"Redinbaugh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3114-5996","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mohsen","family":"Afrasiabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8240-7327","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jessica M.","family":"Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Niranjan A.","family":"Kambi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8169-446X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sounak","family":"Mohanta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5253-7278","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Aeyal","family":"Raz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8880-6698","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yuri B.","family":"Saalmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"pcbi.1010294.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858415581986","article-title":"Mechanism of Deep Brain Stimulation: Inhibition, Excitation, or Disruption?","volume":"22","author":"S Chiken","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"pcbi.1010294.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.29.051605.112824","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation","volume":"29","author":"JS Perlmutter","year":"2006","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"7153","key":"pcbi.1010294.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06041","article-title":"Behavioural improvements with thalamic stimulation after severe traumatic brain injury","volume":"448","author":"ND Schiff","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1010294.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2020.01.005","article-title":"Thalamus Modulates Consciousness via Layer-Specific Control of Cortex","volume":"106","author":"MJ Redinbaugh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"pcbi.1010294.ref005","first-page":"10","article-title":"Neural effects of propofol-induced unconsciousness and its reversal using thalamic stimulation","author":"AM Bastos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Elife"},{"issue":"5","key":"pcbi.1010294.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1003588","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1003588","article-title":"From the phenomenology to the mechanisms of consciousness: Integrated Information Theory 3.0.","volume":"10","author":"M Oizumi","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1010294.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.03.018","article-title":"Experimental and theoretical approaches to conscious processing","volume":"70","author":"S Dehaene","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1010294.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2787","article-title":"The free-energy principle: a unified brain theory?","volume":"11","author":"K. 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