{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T16:16:53Z","timestamp":1762273013113,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,6]],"date-time":"2022-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003993","name":"Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JPJ008617. JP20319390"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPJ008617. JP20319390"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003993","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["19KK0242"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19KK0242"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21K17250"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21K17250"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ploscompbiol.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Comput Biol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Understanding the impact of vaccination in a host population is essential to control infectious diseases. However, the impact of bait vaccination against wildlife diseases is difficult to evaluate. The vaccination history of host animals is generally not observable in wildlife, and it is difficult to distinguish immunity by vaccination from that caused by disease infection. For these reasons, the impact of bait vaccination against classical swine fever (CSF) in wild boar inhabiting Japan has not been evaluated accurately. In this study, we aimed to estimate the impact of the bait vaccination campaign by modelling the dynamics of CSF and the vaccination process among a Japanese wild boar population. The model was designed to estimate the impact of bait vaccination despite lack of data regarding the demography and movement of wild boar. Using our model, we solved the theoretical relationship between the impact of vaccination, the time-series change in the proportion of infected wild boar, and that of immunised wild boar. Using this derived relationship, the increase in antibody prevalence against CSF because of vaccine campaigns in 2019 was estimated to be 12.1 percentage points (95% confidence interval: 7.8\u201316.5). Referring to previous reports on the basic reproduction number (<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>) of CSF in wild boar living outside Japan, the amount of vaccine distribution required for CSF elimination by reducing the effective reproduction number under unity was also estimated. An approximate 1.6 (when <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub> = 1.5, target vaccination coverage is 33.3% of total population) to 2.9 (when <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub> = 2.5, target vaccination coverage is 60.0% of total population) times larger amount of vaccine distribution would be required than the total amount of vaccine distribution in four vaccination campaigns in 2019.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1010510","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,6]],"date-time":"2022-10-06T17:25:53Z","timestamp":1665077153000},"page":"e1010510","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Measuring impact of vaccination among wildlife: The case of bait vaccine campaigns for classical swine fever epidemic among wild boar in Japan"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7296-0129","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ryota","family":"Matsuyama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8707-0639","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Takehisa","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4814-0945","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yoko","family":"Hayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9635-1459","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ryosuke","family":"Omori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"pcbi.1010510.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2006.10.005","article-title":"The potential of oral vaccines for disease control in wildlife species","volume":"174","author":"ML Cross","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"pcbi.1010510.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2020.08.006","article-title":"Ecological and evolutionary challenges for wildlife vaccination","volume":"36","author":"KM Barnett","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"pcbi.1010510.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-014-0077-8","article-title":"Twenty year experience of the oral rabies vaccine SAG2 in wildlife: a global review","volume":"45","author":"P M\u00e4hl","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"key":"pcbi.1010510.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.01141","article-title":"Controlling of CSFV in European wild boar using oral vaccination: a review","volume":"6","author":"S Rossi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"pcbi.1010510.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.02.053","article-title":"The test-negative design for estimating influenza vaccine effectiveness","volume":"31","author":"ML Jackson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"pcbi.1010510.ref006","article-title":"Design and analysis of vaccine studies","author":"ME Halloran","year":"2010","journal-title":"New York: Springer"},{"key":"pcbi.1010510.ref007","first-page":"199pp","article-title":"Control and eradication of Classic Swine Fever in wild boar","volume":"7","author":"EFSA","year":"2009","journal-title":"EFSA J"},{"key":"pcbi.1010510.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.01211","article-title":"The control of classical swine fever in wild boar","volume":"6","author":"V. 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