{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T06:19:34Z","timestamp":1772173174890,"version":"3.50.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1010601","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,19]],"date-time":"2022-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666137600000}}],"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,7]],"date-time":"2022-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665100800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000006","name":"Office of Naval Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N000141612539"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N000141612539"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000006","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MH014654"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MH014654"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ploscompbiol.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Comput Biol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Expectations, such as those arising from either learned rules or recent stimulus regularities, can bias subsequent auditory perception in diverse ways. However, it is not well understood if and how these diverse effects depend on the source of the expectations. Further, it is unknown whether different sources of bias use the same or different computational and physiological mechanisms. We examined how rule-based and stimulus-based expectations influenced behavior and pupil-linked arousal, a marker of certain forms of expectation-based processing, of human subjects performing an auditory frequency-discrimination task. Rule-based cues consistently biased choices and response times (RTs) toward the more-probable stimulus. In contrast, stimulus-based cues had a complex combination of effects, including choice and RT biases toward and away from the frequency of recently presented stimuli. These different behavioral patterns also had: 1) distinct computational signatures, including different modulations of key components of a novel form of a drift-diffusion decision model and 2) distinct physiological signatures, including substantial bias-dependent modulations of pupil size in response to rule-based but not stimulus-based cues. These results imply that different sources of expectations can modulate auditory processing via distinct mechanisms: one that uses arousal-linked, rule-based information and another that uses arousal-independent, stimulus-based information to bias the speed and accuracy of auditory perceptual decisions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1010601","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,7]],"date-time":"2022-10-07T13:46:35Z","timestamp":1665150395000},"page":"e1010601","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Rule-based and stimulus-based cues bias auditory decisions via different computational and physiological mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0233-8529","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nathan","family":"Tardiff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8522-6778","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lalitta","family":"Suriya-Arunroj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yale E.","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Joshua I.","family":"Gold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"pcbi.1010601.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1003715","article-title":"Characterizing the Impact of Category Uncertainty on Human Auditory Categorization Behavior","volume":"10","author":"AM Gifford","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"key":"pcbi.1010601.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2017.07.061","article-title":"Great Expectations: Is there Evidence for Predictive Coding in Auditory Cortex?","volume":"389","author":"M Heilbron","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"pcbi.1010601.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15027","article-title":"Prior context in audition informs binding and shapes simple features","volume":"8","author":"C Chambers","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"pcbi.1010601.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6339","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5613-10.2011","article-title":"Elapsed decision time affects the weighting of prior probability in a perceptual decision task","volume":"31","author":"TD Hanks","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"pcbi.1010601.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2335","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4156-11.2012","article-title":"Bias in the brain: A diffusion model analysis of prior probability and potential payoff","volume":"32","author":"MJ Mulder","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"pcbi.1010601.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2014.06.024","article-title":"Prior probability and feature predictability interactively bias perceptual decisions","volume":"61","author":"KE Dunovan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"pcbi.1010601.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-020-00967-9","article-title":"Neurocomputational mechanisms of prior-informed perceptual decision-making in humans","volume":"5","author":"SP Kelly","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Hum Behav"},{"key":"pcbi.1010601.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3838","article-title":"Expectation in perceptual decision making: neural and computational mechanisms","volume":"15","author":"C Summerfield","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"pcbi.1010601.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.54014","article-title":"Pupil-linked phasic arousal predicts a reduction of choice bias across species and decision domains","volume":"9","author":"JW de Gee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"pcbi.1010601.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1007\/s00422-014-0585-7","article-title":"Stimulus-specific adaptation and deviance detection in the auditory system: experiments and models","volume":"108","author":"I. 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