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In addition to exploring new regions in the visual field, primates also make frequent return fixations, revisiting previously foveated locations. We systematically studied a total of 44,328 return fixations out of 217,440 fixations. Return fixations were ubiquitous across different behavioral tasks, in monkeys and humans, both when subjects viewed static images and when subjects performed natural behaviors. Return fixations locations were consistent across subjects, tended to occur within short temporal offsets, and typically followed a 180-degree turn in saccadic direction. To understand the origin of return fixations, we propose a proof-of-principle, biologically-inspired and image-computable neural network model. The model combines five key modules: an image feature extractor, bottom-up saliency cues, task-relevant visual features, finite inhibition-of-return, and saccade size constraints. Even though there are no free parameters that are fine-tuned for each specific task, species, or condition, the model produces fixation sequences resembling the universal properties of return fixations. These results provide initial steps towards a mechanistic understanding of the trade-off between rapid foveal recognition and the need to scrutinize previous fixation locations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1010654","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]],"date-time":"2022-11-22T18:22:57Z","timestamp":1669141377000},"page":"e1010654","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Look twice: A generalist computational model predicts return fixations across tasks and species"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2694-7097","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mengmi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7905-1104","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marcelo","family":"Armendariz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5555-3217","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Will","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1762-2829","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Olivia","family":"Rose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katarina","family":"Bendtz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Margaret","family":"Livingstone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9887-3234","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Carlos","family":"Ponce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3505-8475","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gabriel","family":"Kreiman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1010654.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2013.06.003","article-title":"Attention and choice: A review on eye movements in decision making","volume":"144","author":"JL Orquin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Psychologica"},{"issue":"5","key":"pcbi.1010654.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1167\/11.5.9","article-title":"Eye movements and perception: A selective review","volume":"11","author":"AC Sch\u00fctz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Vision"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1010654.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.23.1.315","article-title":"Mechanisms of visual attention in the human cortex","volume":"23","author":"SK Ungerleider","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annual Review of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1010654.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2010.192666","article-title":"The neural basis of visual attention","volume":"589","author":"JW Bisley","year":"2011","journal-title":"The Journal of Physiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1010654.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20145","article-title":"Cortical regions involved in eye movements, shifts of attention, and gaze perception","volume":"25","author":"MH Grosbras","year":"2005","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"key":"pcbi.1010654.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2017.00545","article-title":"Top-down control of visual attention by the prefrontal cortex. functional specialization and long-range interactions","volume":"11","author":"S Paneri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1010654.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1167\/15.1.14","article-title":"Spatial statistics and attentional dynamics in scene viewing","volume":"15","author":"R Engbert","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of vision"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1010654.ref008","first-page":"1","article-title":"Finding any Waldo with zero-shot invariant and efficient visual search","volume":"9","author":"M Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"issue":"7","key":"pcbi.1010654.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3064","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhv129","article-title":"There\u2019s Waldo! 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