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In particular, the identification of cases which might be epidemiologically linked is crucial in directing outbreak-containment efforts and shaping the intervention of public health authorities. Often this requires the detection of clusters of cases whose numbers exceed those expected by a background of sporadic cases. Quantifying exceedances rapidly is particularly challenging when only few cases are typically reported in a precise location and time. To address such important public health concerns, we present a general method which can detect spatio-temporal deviations from a Poisson point process and estimate the odds of an isolate being part of a cluster. This method can be applied to diseases where detailed geographical information is available. In addition, we propose an approach to explicitly take account of delays in microbial typing. As a case study, we considered invasive group A Streptococcus infection events as recorded and typed by Public Health England from 2015 to 2020.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1010726","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]],"date-time":"2022-11-30T13:43:22Z","timestamp":1669815802000},"page":"e1010726","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Cluster detection with random neighbourhood covering: Application to invasive Group A Streptococcal disease"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2365-6024","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Massimo","family":"Cavallaro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Juliana","family":"Coelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Derren","family":"Ready","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Valerie","family":"Decraene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3965-8323","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Theresa","family":"Lamagni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1113-1017","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Noel D.","family":"McCarthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Todkill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4639-4765","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Matt J.","family":"Keeling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"RR-13","key":"pcbi.1010726.ref001","first-page":"1","article-title":"Updated guidelines for evaluating public health surveillance systems: recommendations from the Guidelines Working Group","volume":"50","author":"R.R. 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