{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T19:13:32Z","timestamp":1776885212605,"version":"3.51.2"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1010746","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,12]],"date-time":"2022-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670803200000}}],"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]],"date-time":"2022-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669766400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/N013638\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/N013638\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/P014658\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/P014658\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/P028322\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/P028322\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/P028322\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/P028322\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ploscompbiol.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Comput Biol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Bacteriophage (phage) are bacterial predators that can also spread antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes between bacteria by generalised transduction. Phage are often present alongside antibiotics in the environment, yet evidence of their joint killing effect on bacteria is conflicted, and the dynamics of transduction in such systems are unknown. Here, we combine\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    data and mathematical modelling to identify conditions where phage and antibiotics act in synergy to remove bacteria or drive AMR evolution. We adapt a published model of phage-bacteria dynamics, including transduction, to add the pharmacodynamics of erythromycin and tetracycline, parameterised from new\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    data. We simulate a system where two strains of\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    are present at stationary phase, each carrying either an erythromycin or tetracycline resistance gene, and where multidrug-resistant bacteria can be generated by transduction only. We determine rates of bacterial clearance and multidrug-resistant bacteria appearance, when either or both antibiotics and phage are present at varying timings and concentrations. Although phage and antibiotics act in synergy to kill bacteria, by reducing bacterial growth antibiotics reduce phage production. A low concentration of phage introduced shortly after antibiotics fails to replicate and exert a strong killing pressure on bacteria, instead generating multidrug-resistant bacteria by transduction which are then selected for by the antibiotics. Multidrug-resistant bacteria numbers were highest when antibiotics and phage were introduced simultaneously. The interaction between phage and antibiotics leads to a trade-off between a slower clearing rate of bacteria (if antibiotics are added before phage), and a higher risk of multidrug-resistance evolution (if phage are added before antibiotics), exacerbated by low concentrations of phage or antibiotics. Our results form hypotheses to guide future experimental and clinical work on the impact of phage on AMR evolution, notably for studies of phage therapy which should investigate varying timings and concentrations of phage and antibiotics.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1010746","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]],"date-time":"2022-11-30T13:42:51Z","timestamp":1669815771000},"page":"e1010746","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Modelling the synergistic effect of bacteriophage and antibiotics on bacteria: Killers and drivers of resistance evolution"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4761-001X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Quentin J.","family":"Leclerc","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jodi A.","family":"Lindsay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7263-9896","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gwenan M.","family":"Knight","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"pcbi.1010746.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.4161\/bact.1.1.14942","article-title":"Phages in nature","volume":"1","author":"MRJ Clokie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bacteriophage"},{"key":"pcbi.1010746.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens8030100","article-title":"Bacteriophages in Natural and Artificial Environments","volume":"8","author":"S Batinovic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"pcbi.1010746.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20130571","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2013.0571","article-title":"Pollution from drug manufacturing: review and perspectives","volume":"369","author":"DGJ Larsson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci"},{"key":"pcbi.1010746.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-020-0478-4","article-title":"Phage therapy as a potential solution in the fight against AMR: obstacles and possible futures","volume":"6","author":"C Brives","year":"2020","journal-title":"Palgrave Commun"},{"key":"pcbi.1010746.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3573","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.60551","article-title":"A combination therapy of Phages and Antibiotics: Two is better than one","volume":"17","author":"X Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"key":"pcbi.1010746.ref006","first-page":"118","article-title":"Evaluating the potential efficacy and limitations of a phage for joint antibiotic and phage therapy of Staphylococcus aureus infections","author":"BA Berryhill","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"pcbi.1010746.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms6040125","article-title":"Sequential Combined Effect of Phages and Antibiotics on the Inactivation of Escherichia coli","volume":"6","author":"A Lopes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"pcbi.1010746.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e106628","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0106628","article-title":"A Window of Opportunity to Control the Bacterial Pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa Combining Antibiotics and Phages","volume":"9","author":"C Torres-Barcel\u00f3","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"pcbi.1010746.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics8040182","article-title":"Phage-Antibiotic Combination Treatments: Antagonistic Impacts of Antibiotics on the Pharmacodynamics of Phage Therapy?","volume":"8","author":"ST Abedon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"pcbi.1010746.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1006\/jtbi.2000.2198","article-title":"Understanding Bacteriophage Therapy as a Density-dependent Kinetic Process","volume":"208","author":"RJH Payne","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Theor Biol"},{"key":"pcbi.1010746.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.106200","article-title":"Bacteriophage\u2013antibiotic combinations against ciprofloxacin\/ceftriaxone-resistant Escherichia coli in vitro and in an experimental Galleria mellonella model","volume":"56","author":"L Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"pcbi.1010746.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00127","article-title":"Does Treatment Order Matter? 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