{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T06:19:09Z","timestamp":1772173149678,"version":"3.50.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1010864","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]],"date-time":"2023-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676505600000}}],"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]],"date-time":"2023-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ploscompbiol.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Comput Biol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To adapt to their environments, animals learn associations between sensory stimuli and unconditioned stimuli. In invertebrates, olfactory associative learning primarily occurs in the mushroom body, which is segregated into separate compartments. Within each compartment, Kenyon cells (KCs) encoding sparse odor representations project onto mushroom body output neurons (MBONs) whose outputs guide behavior. Associated with each compartment is a dopamine neuron (DAN) that modulates plasticity of the KC-MBON synapses within the compartment. Interestingly, DAN-induced plasticity of the KC-MBON synapse is imbalanced in the sense that it only weakens the synapse and is temporally sparse. We propose a normative mechanistic model of the MBON as a linear discriminant analysis (LDA) classifier that predicts the presence of an unconditioned stimulus (class identity) given a KC odor representation (feature vector). Starting from a principled LDA objective function and under the assumption of temporally sparse DAN activity, we derive an online algorithm which maps onto the mushroom body compartment. Our model accounts for the imbalanced learning at the KC-MBON synapse and makes testable predictions that provide clear contrasts with existing models.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1010864","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]],"date-time":"2023-02-06T13:44:00Z","timestamp":1675691040000},"page":"e1010864","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A linear discriminant analysis model of imbalanced associative learning in the mushroom body compartment"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9347-8326","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"David","family":"Lipshutz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Aneesh","family":"Kashalikar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Shiva","family":"Farashahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Dmitri B.","family":"Chklovskii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1010864.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1074","article-title":"Mushroom body memoir: from maps to models","volume":"4","author":"M Heisenberg","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"pcbi.1010864.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2015.10.002","article-title":"Olfactory learning skews mushroom body output pathways to steer behavioral choice in Drosophila","volume":"35","author":"D Owald","year":"2015","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Neurobiology"},{"issue":"7666","key":"pcbi.1010864.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1038\/nature23455","article-title":"The complete connectome of a learning and memory centre in an insect brain","volume":"548","author":"K Eichler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pcbi.1010864.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-080317-0621333","article-title":"The Drosophila mushroom body: from architecture to algorithm in a learning circuit","volume":"43","author":"MN Modi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annual Review of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"5","key":"pcbi.1010864.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.11.003","article-title":"Heterosynaptic plasticity underlies aversive olfactory learning in Drosophila","volume":"88","author":"T Hige","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"33","key":"pcbi.1010864.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11772","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1099-11.2011","article-title":"Cellular-resolution population imaging reveals robust sparse coding in the Drosophila mushroom body","volume":"31","author":"KS Honegger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"pcbi.1010864.ref007","first-page":"649731","article-title":"Multilevel feedback architecture for adaptive regulation of learning in the insect brain","author":"C Eschbach","year":"2019","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"issue":"3","key":"pcbi.1010864.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2013.01.005","article-title":"Reinforcement signalling in Drosophila; 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