{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T11:32:41Z","timestamp":1776943961146,"version":"3.51.4"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1011154","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,20]],"date-time":"2023-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687219200000}}],"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,7]],"date-time":"2023-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686096000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015359","name":"Connecticut Institute for the Brain and Cognitive Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#51"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#51"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ploscompbiol.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Comput Biol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A musician\u2019s spontaneous rate of movement, called spontaneous motor tempo (SMT), can be measured while spontaneously playing a simple melody. Data shows that the SMT influences the musician\u2019s tempo and synchronization. In this study we present a model that captures these phenomena. We review the results from three previously-published studies: solo musical performance with a pacing metronome tempo that is different from the SMT, solo musical performance without a metronome at a tempo that is faster or slower than the SMT, and duet musical performance between musicians with matching or mismatching SMTs. These studies showed, respectively, that the asynchrony between the pacing metronome and the musician\u2019s tempo grew as a function of the difference between the metronome tempo and the musician\u2019s SMT, musicians drifted away from the initial tempo toward the SMT, and the absolute asynchronies were smaller if musicians had matching SMTs. We hypothesize that the SMT constantly acts as a pulling force affecting musical actions at a tempo different from a musician\u2019s SMT. To test our hypothesis, we developed a model consisting of a non-linear oscillator with Hebbian tempo learning and a pulling force to the model\u2019s spontaneous frequency. While the model\u2019s spontaneous frequency emulates the SMT, elastic Hebbian learning allows for frequency learning to match a stimulus\u2019 frequency. To test our hypothesis, we first fit model parameters to match the data in the first of the three studies and asked whether this same model would explain the data the remaining two studies without further tuning. Results showed that the model\u2019s dynamics allowed it to explain all three experiments with the same set of parameters. Our theory offers a dynamical-systems explanation of how an individual\u2019s SMT affects synchronization in realistic music performance settings, and the model also enables predictions about performance settings not yet tested.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1011154","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,7]],"date-time":"2023-06-07T13:36:59Z","timestamp":1686145019000},"page":"e1011154","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Hebbian learning with elasticity explains how the spontaneous motor tempo affects music performance synchronization"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3781-7244","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Iran R.","family":"Roman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Adrian S.","family":"Roman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8909-3340","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ji Chul","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Edward W.","family":"Large","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"pcbi.1011154.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhh198","article-title":"Neural substrates of real and imagined sensorimotor coordination","volume":"15","author":"O Oullier","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"pcbi.1011154.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2014.05.008","article-title":"Neurocognitive mechanisms of perception\u2013action coordination: A review and theoretical integration","volume":"46","author":"KR Ridderinkhof","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1011154.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1177\/0748730418783651","article-title":"Musicians\u2019 natural frequencies of performance display optimal temporal stability","volume":"33","author":"A Zamm","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Rhythms"},{"issue":"3","key":"pcbi.1011154.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.135.3.348","article-title":"The time of our lives: life span development of timing and event tracking","volume":"135","author":"JD McAuley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General"},{"key":"pcbi.1011154.ref005","unstructured":"Scheurich R, Zamm A, Bogetti C, Palmer C. 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