{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T06:35:38Z","timestamp":1775802938001,"version":"3.50.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1011178","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,21]],"date-time":"2023-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687305600000}}],"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,8]],"date-time":"2023-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686182400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2021060027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021060027"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014188","name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21-BT-06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21-BT-06"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014188","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NS071951 and NS062200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NS071951 and NS062200"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ploscompbiol.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Comput Biol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In vitro studies using isolated or skinned muscle fibers suggest that the sigmoidal relationship between the intracellular calcium concentration and force production may depend upon muscle type and activity. The goal of this study was to investigate whether and how the calcium-force relationship changes during force production under physiological conditions of muscle excitation and length in fast skeletal muscles. A computational framework was developed to identify the dynamic variation in the calcium-force relationship during force generation over a full physiological range of stimulation frequencies and muscle lengths in cat gastrocnemius muscles. In contrast to the situation in slow muscles such as the soleus, the calcium concentration for the half-maximal force needed to drift rightward to reproduce the progressive force decline, or sag behavior, observed during unfused isometric contractions at the intermediate length under low-frequency stimulation (i.e., 20 Hz). The slope at the calcium concentration for the half-maximal force was required to drift upward for force enhancement during unfused isometric contractions at the intermediate length under high-frequency stimulation (i.e., 40 Hz). The slope variation in the calcium\u2013force relationship played a crucial role in shaping sag behavior across different muscle lengths. The muscle model with dynamic variations in the calcium-force relationship also accounted for the length-force and velocity-force properties measured under full excitation. These results imply that the calcium sensitivity and cooperativity of force-inducing crossbridge formation between actin and myosin filaments may be operationally altered in accordance with the mode of neural excitation and muscle movement in intact fast muscles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1011178","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,8]],"date-time":"2023-06-08T17:49:10Z","timestamp":1686246550000},"page":"e1011178","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["A dynamic calcium-force relationship model for sag behavior in fast skeletal muscle"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6142-6713","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hojeong","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Charles J.","family":"Heckman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"pcbi.1011178.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1038\/35073086","article-title":"The myosin swinging cross-bridge model","volume":"2","author":"JA Spudich","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"issue":"13","key":"pcbi.1011178.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.06.013","article-title":"Experimental determination of sarcomere force-length relationship in type-I human skeletal muscle fibers","volume":"42","author":"SK Gollapudi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1011178.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2010.08.033","article-title":"Whole muscle length-tension relationships are accurately modeled as scaled sarcomeres in rabbit hindlimb muscles","volume":"44","author":"TM Winters","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"issue":"6638","key":"pcbi.1011178.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1038\/40651","article-title":"Muscle force is generated by myosin heads stereospecifically attached to actin","volume":"388","author":"SY Bershitsky","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6466","key":"pcbi.1011178.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1038\/368065a0","article-title":"Ca(2+)-induced tropomyosin movement in Limulus thin filaments revealed by three-dimensional reconstruction","volume":"368","author":"W Lehman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"4588","key":"pcbi.1011178.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6823567","article-title":"Hysteresis in the force-calcium relation in muscle","volume":"219","author":"EB Ridgway","year":"1983","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"76","key":"pcbi.1011178.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1038\/newbio237211a0","article-title":"Stretch-induced increase in activation of skinned muscle fibres by calcium","volume":"237","author":"M. 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