{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T10:54:34Z","timestamp":1767178474019,"version":"build-2238731810"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1011449","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]],"date-time":"2023-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695254400000}}],"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]],"date-time":"2023-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694390400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOP-324604"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOP-324604"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019217","name":"Institut de Valorisation des Donn\u00e9es","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51627"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51627"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019217","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ploscompbiol.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Comput Biol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    T lymphocytes migrate into organs and interact with local cells to perform their functions. How human T lymphocytes communicate with organ-specific cells and participate in pathobiological processes remains unresolved. Brain infiltration of T lymphocytes is associated with multiple neurological disorders. Thus, to characterize the behavior of human T lymphocytes reaching the human brain, we performed time-lapse microscopy on human CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T lymphocytes co-cultured with either primary human astrocytes or neurons. Using traditional manual and visual assessment of microscopy data, we identified distinct CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T lymphocyte motility behaviors. However, such characterization is time and labor-intensive. In this work, we trained and validated a machine-learning model for the automated classification of behaviors of CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T lymphocytes interacting with astrocytes and neurons. A balanced random forest was trained for the binary classification of established classes of cell behaviors (synapse vs. kinapse) as well as visually identified behaviors (scanning, dancing, and poking). Feature selection was performed during 3-fold cross-validation using the minimum redundancy maximum relevance algorithm. Results show promising performances when tested on a held-out dataset of CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T lymphocytes interacting with astrocytes with a new experimenter and a held-out independent dataset of CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T lymphocytes interacting with neurons. When tested on the independent CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cell-neuron dataset, the final model achieved a binary classification accuracy of 0.82 and a 3-class accuracy of 0.79. This novel automated classification approach could significantly reduce the time required to label cell motility behaviors while facilitating the identification of interactions of T lymphocytes with multiple cell types.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1011449","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]],"date-time":"2023-09-11T13:30:27Z","timestamp":1694439027000},"page":"e1011449","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Classification of T lymphocyte motility behaviors using a machine learning approach"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Yves","family":"Carpentier Solorio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Florent","family":"Lema\u00eetre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Bassam","family":"Jabbour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Tastet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nathalie","family":"Arbour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8248-2565","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Elie","family":"Bou Assi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"pcbi.1011449.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2013.10.013","article-title":"Visualizing how T cells collect activation signals in vivo","volume":"26","author":"HD Moreau","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"pcbi.1011449.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-014-0201-8","article-title":"T-cell-mediated regulation of neuroinflammation involved in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"11","author":"H Gonzalez","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"7","key":"pcbi.1011449.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20041236","article-title":"Imaging the single cell dynamics of CD4+ T cell activation by dendritic cells in lymph nodes","volume":"200","author":"MJ Miller","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"pcbi.1011449.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceb.2007.08.003","article-title":"Cell adhesion molecules and actin cytoskeleton at immune synapses and kinapses","volume":"19","author":"ML Dustin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr Opin Cell Biol"},{"issue":"39","key":"pcbi.1011449.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12151","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1506654112","article-title":"Signal strength regulates antigen-mediated T-cell deceleration by distinct mechanisms to promote local exploration or arrest","volume":"112","author":"HD Moreau","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"12","key":"pcbi.1011449.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2733","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20091201","article-title":"Real-time analysis of T cell receptors in naive cells in vitro and in vivo reveals flexibility in synapse and signaling dynamics","volume":"207","author":"RS Friedman","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"pcbi.1011449.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2731","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.5.2731","article-title":"Of mice and not men: differences between mouse and human immunology","volume":"172","author":"J Mestas","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pcbi.1011449.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2946","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1222738110","article-title":"Conservation and divergence in the transcriptional programs of the human and mouse immune systems","volume":"110","author":"T Shay","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"10","key":"pcbi.1011449.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3276","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4707-08.2009","article-title":"Uniquely hominid features of adult human astrocytes","volume":"29","author":"NA Oberheim","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"pcbi.1011449.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668483","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.668483","article-title":"Capturing T Lymphocytes\u2019 Dynamic Interactions With Human Neural Cells Using Time-Lapse Microscopy","volume":"12","author":"F Lemaitre","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1011449.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000001119","article-title":"Stress Signal ULBP4, an NKG2D Ligand, Is Upregulated in Multiple Sclerosis and Shapes CD8(+) T-Cell Behaviors","volume":"9","author":"A Carmena Moratalla","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1011449.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-022-02572-1","article-title":"IL-27 shapes the immune properties of human astrocytes and their impact on encountered human T lymphocytes","volume":"19","author":"F Lemaitre","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"pcbi.1011449.ref013","first-page":"1","article-title":"Using Random Forest to Learn Imbalanced Data","volume":"110","author":"C Chen","year":"2004","journal-title":"University of California, Berkley"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1011449.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7653","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-64246-3","article-title":"Discovering the hidden messages within cell trajectories using a deep learning approach for in vitro evaluation of cancer drug treatments","volume":"10","author":"A Mencattini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1011449.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6436","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-34157-0","article-title":"The immune synapses reveal aberrant functions of CD8 T cells during chronic HIV infection","volume":"13","author":"N Anikeeva","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1011449.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.12.052","article-title":"Durable Interactions of T Cells with T Cell Receptor Stimuli in the Absence of a Stable Immunological Synapse","volume":"22","author":"V Mayya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"pcbi.1011449.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3675","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0905901107","article-title":"Subcellular dynamics of T cell immunological synapses and kinapses in lymph nodes","volume":"107","author":"GA Azar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"pcbi.1011449.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2086","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02086","article-title":"Initial Viral Inoculum Determines Kinapse-and Synapse-Like T Cell Motility in Reactive Lymph Nodes","volume":"10","author":"S Sivapatham","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"18","key":"pcbi.1011449.ref019","article-title":"Imbalance of immunological synapse-kinapse states reflects tumor escape to immunity in glioblastoma","volume":"3","author":"LR Diaz","year":"2018","journal-title":"JCI Insight"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1011449","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]],"date-time":"2023-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695254400000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Computational Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1011449","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]],"date-time":"2023-09-21T13:56:58Z","timestamp":1695304618000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1011449"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Delmiro","family":"Fernandez-Reyes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1011449","relation":{},"ISSN":["1553-7358"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-7358","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]]}}}