{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T02:55:58Z","timestamp":1787021758739,"version":"build-2736575974"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1011566","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,2]],"date-time":"2023-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698883200000}}],"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]],"date-time":"2023-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698019200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PHY-1430124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PHY-1430124"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1725729"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1725729"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ploscompbiol.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Comput Biol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Quantitative ethology requires an accurate estimation of an organism\u2019s postural dynamics in three dimensions plus time. Technological progress over the last decade has made animal pose estimation in challenging scenarios possible with unprecedented detail. Here, we present (i) a fast automated method to record and track the pose of individual larval zebrafish in a 3-D environment, applicable when accurate human labeling is not possible; (ii) a rich annotated dataset of 3-D larval poses for ethologists and the general zebrafish and machine learning community; and (iii) a technique to generate realistic, annotated larval images in different behavioral contexts. Using a three-camera system calibrated with refraction correction, we record diverse larval swims under free swimming conditions and in response to acoustic and optical stimuli. We then employ a convolutional neural network to estimate 3-D larval poses from video images. The network is trained against a set of synthetic larval images rendered using a 3-D physical model of larvae. This 3-D model samples from a distribution of realistic larval poses that we estimate a priori using a template-based pose estimation of a small number of swim bouts. Our network model, trained without any human annotation, performs larval pose estimation three orders of magnitude faster and with accuracy comparable to the template-based approach, capturing detailed kinematics of 3-D larval swims. It also applies accurately to other datasets collected under different imaging conditions and containing behavioral contexts not included in our training.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1011566","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]],"date-time":"2023-10-23T13:34:35Z","timestamp":1698068075000},"page":"e1011566","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Rapid automated 3-D pose estimation of larval zebrafish using a physical model-trained neural network"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Aniket","family":"Ravan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruopei","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9291-8123","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Martin","family":"Gruebele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9167-0234","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yann R.","family":"Chemla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"99","key":"pcbi.1011566.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20140672","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2014.0672","article-title":"Mapping the stereotyped behaviour of freely moving fruit flies","volume":"11","author":"GJ Berman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of The Royal Society Interface"},{"key":"pcbi.1011566.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e17227","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.17227","article-title":"Resolving coiled shapes reveals new reorientation behaviors in C. elegans.","volume":"5","author":"OD Broekmans","year":"2016","journal-title":"eLife."},{"issue":"12","key":"pcbi.1011566.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2040","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-019-0533-x","article-title":"Unsupervised identification of the internal states that shape natural behavior","volume":"22","author":"AJ Calhoun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"5","key":"pcbi.1011566.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1813476116","article-title":"Adaptive, locally linear models of complex dynamics.","volume":"116","author":"AC Costa","year":"2019","journal-title":"PNAS."},{"key":"pcbi.1011566.ref005","first-page":"249","volume-title":"The Behavioral Repertoire of Larval Zebrafish.","author":"K Fero","year":"2011"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1011566.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2017.12.002","article-title":"Structure of the Zebrafish Locomotor Repertoire Revealed with Unsupervised Behavioral Clustering","volume":"28","author":"JC Marques","year":"2018","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"issue":"12","key":"pcbi.1011566.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-020-00734-z","article-title":"Quantifying behavior to understand the brain","volume":"23","author":"TD Pereira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1011566.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000028","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1000028","article-title":"Dimensionality and Dynamics in the Behavior of C. elegans.","volume":"4","author":"GJ Stephens","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLOS Computational Biology"},{"key":"pcbi.1011566.ref009","first-page":"85","volume-title":"Hockey Action Recognition via Integrated Stacked Hourglass Network. 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