{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T03:03:24Z","timestamp":1777431804890,"version":"3.51.4"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1011583","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,20]],"date-time":"2023-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700438400000}}],"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,27]],"date-time":"2023-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698364800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011033","name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2019-107279RB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-107279RB-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011033","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012818","name":"Comunidad de Madrid","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Y2018\/BIO-4858 PREFI-CM"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Y2018\/BIO-4858 PREFI-CM"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012818","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI15\/02211-ISBITAMI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI15\/02211-ISBITAMI"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DTS\/1900063-ISBIFLOW"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DTS\/1900063-ISBIFLOW"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R01HL160024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01HL160024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R01HL158667"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01HL158667"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ploscompbiol.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Comput Biol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Clot formation is a crucial process that prevents bleeding, but can lead to severe disorders when imbalanced. This process is regulated by the coagulation cascade, a biochemical network that controls the enzyme thrombin, which converts soluble fibrinogen into the fibrin fibers that constitute clots. Coagulation cascade models are typically complex and involve dozens of partial differential equations (PDEs) representing various chemical species\u2019 transport, reaction kinetics, and diffusion. Solving these PDE systems computationally is challenging, due to their large size and multi-scale nature. We propose a multi-fidelity strategy to increase the efficiency of coagulation cascade simulations. Leveraging the slower dynamics of molecular diffusion, we transform the governing PDEs into ordinary differential equations (ODEs) representing the evolution of species concentrations versus blood residence time. We then Taylor-expand the ODE solution around the zero-diffusivity limit to obtain spatiotemporal maps of species concentrations in terms of the statistical moments of residence time,\n                    <jats:inline-formula id=\"pcbi.1011583.e001\">\n                      <jats:alternatives>\n                        <jats:graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" id=\"pcbi.1011583.e001g\" mimetype=\"image\" position=\"anchor\" xlink:href=\"info:doi\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1011583.e001\" xlink:type=\"simple\"\/>\n                        <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" display=\"inline\" id=\"M1\">\n                          <mml:mover accent=\"true\">\n                            <mml:msubsup>\n                              <mml:mi>t<\/mml:mi>\n                              <mml:mi>R<\/mml:mi>\n                              <mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi>\n                            <\/mml:msubsup>\n                            <mml:mo>\u00af<\/mml:mo>\n                          <\/mml:mover>\n                        <\/mml:math>\n                      <\/jats:alternatives>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    , and provide the governing PDEs for\n                    <jats:inline-formula id=\"pcbi.1011583.e002\">\n                      <jats:alternatives>\n                        <jats:graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" id=\"pcbi.1011583.e002g\" mimetype=\"image\" position=\"anchor\" xlink:href=\"info:doi\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1011583.e002\" xlink:type=\"simple\"\/>\n                        <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" display=\"inline\" id=\"M2\">\n                          <mml:mover accent=\"true\">\n                            <mml:msubsup>\n                              <mml:mi>t<\/mml:mi>\n                              <mml:mi>R<\/mml:mi>\n                              <mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi>\n                            <\/mml:msubsup>\n                            <mml:mo>\u00af<\/mml:mo>\n                          <\/mml:mover>\n                        <\/mml:math>\n                      <\/jats:alternatives>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    . This strategy replaces a high-fidelity system of\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    PDEs representing the coagulation cascade of\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    chemical species by\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    ODEs and\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    PDEs governing the residence time statistical moments. The multi-fidelity order (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) allows balancing accuracy and computational cost providing a speedup of over\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \/\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    compared to high-fidelity models. Moreover, this cost becomes independent of the number of chemical species in the large computational meshes typical of the arterial and cardiac chamber simulations. Using a coagulation network with\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 9 and an idealized aneurysm geometry with a pulsatile flow as a benchmark, we demonstrate favorable accuracy for low-order models of\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 1 and\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 2. The thrombin concentration in these models departs from the high-fidelity solution by under 20% (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 1) and 2% (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 2) after 20 cardiac cycles. These multi-fidelity models could enable new coagulation analyses in complex flow scenarios and extensive reaction networks. Furthermore, it could be generalized to advance our understanding of other reacting systems affected by flow.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1011583","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,27]],"date-time":"2023-10-27T13:30:39Z","timestamp":1698413439000},"page":"e1011583","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Efficient multi-fidelity computation of blood coagulation under flow"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7664-8484","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Manuel","family":"Guerrero-Hurtado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6953-2270","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Manuel","family":"Garcia-Villalba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Gonzalo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"Martinez-Legazpi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Andrew M.","family":"Kahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Elliot","family":"McVeigh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Bermejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5683-0239","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Juan C.","family":"del Alamo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2365-0738","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Oscar","family":"Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4931","key":"pcbi.1011583.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1038\/202498a0","article-title":"An enzyme cascade in the blood clotting mechanism, and its function as a biochemical amplifier","volume":"202","author":"RG Macfarlane","year":"1964","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"3638","key":"pcbi.1011583.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1126\/science.145.3638.1310","article-title":"Waterfall sequence for intrinsic blood clotting","volume":"145","author":"EW Davie","year":"1964","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"S2","key":"pcbi.1011583.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1542-4758.2006.00119.x","article-title":"Coagulation cascade","volume":"10","author":"D Green","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hemodial Int"},{"key":"pcbi.1011583.ref004","volume-title":"Saunders","author":"SL Robbins","year":"1979"},{"issue":"12","key":"pcbi.1011583.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1002\/ange.200353428","article-title":"Minimal functional model of hemostasis in a biomimetic microfluidic system","volume":"116","author":"MK Runyon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Angew Chem"},{"issue":"9","key":"pcbi.1011583.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.115.306841","article-title":"Global burden of thrombosis: epidemiologic aspects","volume":"118","author":"AM Wendelboe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"pcbi.1011583.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2363","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.114.304488","article-title":"Thrombosis: a major contributor to global disease burden","volume":"34","author":"GE Raskob","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"issue":"37","key":"pcbi.1011583.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23357","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)31661-7","article-title":"A model for the tissue factor pathway to thrombin. I. An empirical study","volume":"269","author":"JH Lawson","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"37","key":"pcbi.1011583.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23367","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)31662-9","article-title":"A model for the tissue factor pathway to thrombin. II. A mathematical simulation","volume":"269","author":"KC Jones","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"pcbi.1011583.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2012.00266","article-title":"An integrated fluid-chemical model toward modeling the formation of intra-luminal thrombus in abdominal aortic aneurysms","volume":"3","author":"J Biasetti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"pcbi.1011583.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1567","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00855.2015","article-title":"A coupled chemo-fluidic computational model for thrombogenesis in infarcted left ventricles","volume":"310","author":"JH Seo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Amer J Physiol-Heart Circul Physiol"},{"issue":"21","key":"pcbi.1011583.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18322","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M201173200","article-title":"A model for the stoichiometric regulation of blood coagulation","volume":"277","author":"MF Hockin","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1011583.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1093\/imammb\/dqq005","article-title":"Grow with the flow: a spatial\u2013temporal model of platelet deposition and blood coagulation under flow","volume":"28","author":"K Leiderman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Math Med Biol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pcbi.1011583.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1529\/biophysj.105.069062","article-title":"Spatial propagation and localization of blood coagulation are regulated by intrinsic and protein C pathways, respectively","volume":"90","author":"MA Panteleev","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biophys J"},{"issue":"9","key":"pcbi.1011583.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1009331","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1009331","article-title":"Computational modeling of blood component transport related to coronary artery thrombosis in Kawasaki disease","volume":"17","author":"N Grande Guti\u00e9rrez","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pcbi.1011583.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(01)76085-7","article-title":"Surface-mediated control of blood coagulation: the role of binding site densities and platelet deposition","volume":"80","author":"AL Kuharsky","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biophys J"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1011583.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1005291","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1005291","article-title":"A general shear-dependent model for thrombus formation","volume":"13","author":"A Yazdani","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1011583.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2008.04.015","article-title":"A model for the formation, growth, and lysis of clots in quiescent plasma. A comparison between the effects of antithrombin III deficiency and protein C deficiency","volume":"253","author":"M Anand","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Theor Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1011583.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bioeng.1.1.299","article-title":"Fluid mechanics of vascular systems, diseases, and thrombosis","volume":"1","author":"DM Wootton","year":"1999","journal-title":"Annu Rev Biomed Eng"},{"issue":"2-3","key":"pcbi.1011583.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1159\/000089932","article-title":"The effect of convective flows on blood coagulation processes","volume":"34","author":"AI Lobanov","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pathophysiol Haemos Thromb"},{"issue":"2-3","key":"pcbi.1011583.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1159\/000089933","article-title":"Blood coagulation and propagation of autowaves in flow","volume":"34","author":"EA Ermakova","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pathophysiol haemost thromb"},{"issue":"09","key":"pcbi.1011583.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218127402005637","article-title":"Spatio-temporal dynamics of blood coagulation and pattern formation: an experimental study","volume":"12","author":"FI Ataullakhanov","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Bifurcat Chaos"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1011583.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1345728","article-title":"Dynamics of spatially nonuniform patterning in the model of blood coagulation","volume":"11","author":"VI Zarnitsina","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chaos"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1011583.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s10441-019-09372-w","article-title":"Clustering of thrombin generation test data using a reduced mathematical model of blood coagulation","volume":"68","author":"N Ratto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Biotheor"},{"key":"pcbi.1011583.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1114\/1.1349704","article-title":"Mass transport in an anatomically realistic human right coronary artery","volume":"29","author":"MR Kaazempur-Mofrad","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng"},{"issue":"6","key":"pcbi.1011583.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1070\/PU2002v045n06ABEH001090","article-title":"A new class of stopping self-sustained waves: a factor determining the spatial dynamics of blood coagulation","volume":"45","author":"FI Ataullakhanov","year":"2002","journal-title":"Phys-Usp+"},{"key":"pcbi.1011583.ref027","first-page":"1","volume-title":"2021 Computing in Cardiology (CinC)","author":"A Qureshi","year":"2021"},{"issue":"12","key":"pcbi.1011583.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2005.859204","article-title":"Virtual angiography for visualization and validation of computational models of aneurysm hemodynamics","volume":"24","author":"MD Ford","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Med Imaging"},{"key":"pcbi.1011583.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-fluid-010518-040306","article-title":"Mixing versus stirring","volume":"51","author":"E Villermaux","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu Rev Fluid Mech"},{"key":"pcbi.1011583.ref030","unstructured":"J\u00f3zsa J, Kr\u00e1mer T. Modelling residence time as advection-diffusion with zero-order reaction kinetics. In: Proceedings of the Hydrodynamics 2000 Conference, International Association of Hydraulic Engineering and Research. Citeseer; 2000. p. 23\u201327."},{"key":"pcbi.1011583.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1790","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-012-0540-5","article-title":"Describing the highly three dimensional right ventricle flow","volume":"40","author":"JO Mangual","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng"},{"issue":"11","key":"pcbi.1011583.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4819142","article-title":"A non-discrete method for computation of residence time in fluid mechanics simulations","volume":"25","author":"M Esmaily-Moghadam","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phys Fluids"},{"issue":"11","key":"pcbi.1011583.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2015.11.049","article-title":"A clinical method for mapping and quantifying blood stasis in the left ventricle","volume":"49","author":"L Rossini","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"pcbi.1011583.ref034","volume-title":"Numerical computation of internal and external flows","author":"C Hirsch","year":"2007","edition":"2"},{"key":"pcbi.1011583.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-62025-6","volume-title":"Diffusion processes and their sample paths: Reprint of the 1974 edition","author":"K It\u00f4","year":"1996"},{"key":"pcbi.1011583.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.00306","article-title":"Thrombosis in cerebral aneurysms and the computational modeling thereof: a review","volume":"9","author":"MN Ngoepe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"pcbi.1011583.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.12.008","article-title":"Spontaneous thrombosis of cerebral aneurysms presenting with ischemic stroke","volume":"254","author":"JE Cohen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1011583.ref038","first-page":"263","article-title":"Broad-based intracranial aneurysms: thrombosis induced by stent placement","volume":"24","author":"R Vanninen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pcbi.1011583.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.82.5.547","article-title":"Left atrial appendage: structure, function, and role in thromboembolism","volume":"82","author":"NM Al-Saady","year":"1999","journal-title":"Heart"},{"issue":"12","key":"pcbi.1011583.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1016\/S0894-7317(99)70105-7","article-title":"Pathophysiologic correlates of thromboembolism in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: I. Reduced flow velocity in the left atrial appendage (The Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation [SPAF-III] study)","volume":"12","author":"ME Goldman","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Am Soc Echocardiog"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1011583.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.fluid.29.1.399","article-title":"Blood flow in arteries","volume":"29","author":"DN Ku","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann Rev Fluid Mech"},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1011583.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/S0049-3848(96)00182-X","article-title":"A mathematical model for the spatio-temporal dynamics of intrinsic pathway of blood coagulation. I. The model description","volume":"84","author":"VI Zarnitsina","year":"1996","journal-title":"Thromb Res"},{"key":"pcbi.1011583.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596596","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.596596","article-title":"Demonstration of patient-specific simulations to assess left atrial appendage thrombogenesis risk","volume":"12","author":"M Garcia-Villalba","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers Physiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pcbi.1011583.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3597","DOI":"10.1002\/cnm.3597","article-title":"Non-Newtonian blood rheology impacts left atrial stasis in patient-specific simulations","volume":"38","author":"A Gonzalo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Numer Method Biomed Eng"},{"key":"pcbi.1011583.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1017\/jfm.2017.508","article-title":"On the aerodynamic forces on heaving and pitching airfoils at low Reynolds number","volume":"828","author":"M Moriche","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Fluid Mech"},{"key":"pcbi.1011583.ref046","first-page":"485","volume-title":"ERCOFTAC Workshop Direct and Large Eddy Simulation","author":"O Flores","year":"2019"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1011583.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2005.03.017","article-title":"An immersed boundary method with direct forcing for the simulation of particulate flows","volume":"209","author":"M Uhlmann","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Comput Phys"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1011583.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1006\/jcph.1996.0130","article-title":"Efficient implementation of weighted ENO schemes","volume":"126","author":"GS Jiang","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Comput Phy"},{"key":"pcbi.1011583.ref049","unstructured":"Guerrero-Hurtado M, Flores O. MultiFidelity models for coagulation cascade (in MATLAB); 2023. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.8344615."},{"key":"pcbi.1011583.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2014.03.005","article-title":"An overview of mathematical modeling of thrombus formation under flow","volume":"133","author":"K Leiderman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Thromb Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"pcbi.1011583.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3058","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-010-0065-8","article-title":"Flow residence time and regions of intraluminal thrombus deposition in intracranial aneurysms","volume":"38","author":"VL Rayz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng"},{"issue":"2172","key":"pcbi.1011583.ref052","first-page":"20140163","article-title":"A haemodynamic predictor of intraluminal thrombus formation in abdominal aortic aneurysms","volume":"470","author":"P Di Achille","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Math Phys Eng Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"pcbi.1011583.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2821","DOI":"10.1002\/cnm.2821","article-title":"A comparison of hemodynamic metrics and intraluminal thrombus burden in a common iliac artery aneurysm","volume":"33","author":"LJ Kelsey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Numer Method Biomed Eng"},{"issue":"7","key":"pcbi.1011583.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1177\/0954411912444080","article-title":"An investigation of the relationship between hemodynamics and thrombus deposition within patient-specific models of abdominal aortic aneurysm","volume":"226","author":"MJ O\u2019Rourke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Inst Mech Eng H"},{"issue":"12","key":"pcbi.1011583.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1786","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00461.2014","article-title":"A longitudinal comparison of hemodynamics and intraluminal thrombus deposition in abdominal aortic aneurysms","volume":"307","author":"A Arzani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"pcbi.1011583.ref056","author":"JC del Alamo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mapping and quantifying blood stasis and thrombus risk in the heart"},{"key":"pcbi.1011583.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/b13568","volume-title":"McDonald\u2019s blood flow in arteries: theoretical, experimental and clinical principles","author":"C Vlachopoulos","year":"2011"},{"issue":"19","key":"pcbi.1011583.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2020-316977","article-title":"Atrial fibrillation and the prothrombotic state: revisiting Virchow\u2019s triad in 2020","volume":"106","author":"WY Ding","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heart"},{"issue":"10","key":"pcbi.1011583.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.01.011","article-title":"Left ventricular thrombus following acute myocardial infarction: JACC state-of-the-art review","volume":"79","author":"A Camaj","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"25","key":"pcbi.1011583.ref060","first-page":"2619","article-title":"Antithrombotic therapy in abdominal aortic aneurysm: beneficial or detrimental?","volume":"132","author":"SJ Cameron","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1011583.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1097\/MAT.0b013e3180683b7c","article-title":"Particle image velocimetry\u2013validated, computational fluid dynamics\u2013based design to reduce shear stress and residence time in central venous hemodialysis catheters","volume":"53","author":"G Mareels","year":"2007","journal-title":"Asaio J"},{"key":"pcbi.1011583.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euromechflu.2012.01.019","article-title":"High-speed particle image velocimetry to assess cardiac fluid dynamics in vitro: From performance to validation","volume":"35","author":"A Falahatpisheh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Mech B\/Fluids"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1011583.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbe.2020.02.010","article-title":"Experimental and numerical flow analysis through arteries with stent using particle image velocimetry and computational fluid dynamics method","volume":"40","author":"M Tomaszewski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biocybern Biomed Eng"},{"key":"pcbi.1011583.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001","DOI":"10.1023\/B:PHAM.0000008049.40370.5a","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging for the in vivo evaluation of gastric-retentive tablets","volume":"20","author":"A Steingoetter","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pharm Res"},{"key":"pcbi.1011583.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2022.111211","article-title":"Flow residence time in intracranial aneurysms evaluated by in vitro 4D flow MRI","volume":"141","author":"Y Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"pcbi.1011583.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2603","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-013-0853-z","article-title":"Topology of blood transport in the human left ventricle by novel processing of Doppler echocardiography","volume":"41","author":"S Hendabadi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng"},{"key":"pcbi.1011583.ref067","article-title":"Inferring left atrial appendage (LAA) hemodynamics from 4D CT contrast dynamics by physics informed neural networks (PINNs); 2022","author":"B Maidu","journal-title":"Bulletin of the American Physical Society"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1011583","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,20]],"date-time":"2023-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700438400000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Computational Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1011583","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,20]],"date-time":"2023-11-20T13:51:41Z","timestamp":1700488301000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1011583"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Alison","family":"Marsden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,27]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,27]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1011583","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2023.05.29.542763","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1553-7358"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-7358","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,27]]}}}