{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T05:50:38Z","timestamp":1781934638951,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,13]],"date-time":"2023-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702425600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/R020418\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/R020418\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["204826\/Z\/16\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["204826\/Z\/16\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MC_UU_00003\/3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MC_UU_00003\/3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ploscompbiol.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Comput Biol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Stimulation optimization has garnered considerable interest in recent years in order to efficiently parametrize neuromodulation-based therapies. To date, efforts focused on automatically identifying settings from parameter spaces that do not change over time. A limitation of these approaches, however, is that they lack consideration for time dependent factors that may influence therapy outcomes. Disease progression and biological rhythmicity are two sources of variation that may influence optimal stimulation settings over time. To account for this, we present a novel time-varying Bayesian optimization (TV-BayesOpt) for tracking the optimum parameter set for neuromodulation therapy. We evaluate the performance of TV-BayesOpt for tracking gradual and periodic slow variations over time. The algorithm was investigated within the context of a computational model of phase-locked deep brain stimulation for treating oscillopathies representative of common movement disorders such as Parkinson\u2019s disease and Essential Tremor. When the optimal stimulation settings changed due to gradual and periodic sources, TV-BayesOpt outperformed standard time-invariant techniques and was able to identify the appropriate stimulation setting. Through incorporation of both a gradual \u201cforgetting\u201d and periodic covariance functions, the algorithm maintained robust performance when a priori knowledge differed from observed variations. This algorithm presents a broad framework that can be leveraged for the treatment of a range of neurological and psychiatric conditions and can be used to track variations in optimal stimulation settings such as amplitude, pulse-width, frequency and phase for invasive and non-invasive neuromodulation strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1011674","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,13]],"date-time":"2023-12-13T18:33:45Z","timestamp":1702492425000},"page":"e1011674","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["From dawn till dusk: Time-adaptive bayesian optimization for neurostimulation"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1969-3188","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"John E.","family":"Fleming","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6861-3056","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ines","family":"Pont Sanchis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0944-2123","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Oscar","family":"Lemmens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angus","family":"Denison-Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4628-0303","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Timothy O.","family":"West","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"Denison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1641-115X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hayriye","family":"Cagnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1011674.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2021.20101429","article-title":"Stanford Neuromodulation Therapy (SNT): A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial.","volume":"179","author":"EJ Cole","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry."},{"issue":"13","key":"pcbi.1011674.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004295","article-title":"Thalamic deep brain stimulation for tremor in Parkinson disease, essential tremor, and dystonia","volume":"89","author":"R Cury","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"6","key":"pcbi.1011674.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00983","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.983","article-title":"Similarities between the responses to ANT-DBS and prior VNS in refractory epilepsy","volume":"8","author":"T Kulju","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1011674.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3171\/foc.2004.17.1.1","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation for hyperkinetic disorders","volume":"17","author":"EB Montgomery","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1011674.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2008.01.002","article-title":"Treatment of Dystonia with Deep Brain Stimulation.","volume":"5","author":"JL Ostrem","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"pcbi.1011674.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-53497-2.00023-1","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation for pain","volume":"116","author":"EAC Pereira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pcbi.1011674.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1987.tb03668.x","article-title":"Electrical Stimulation of the Centromedian Thalamic Nucleus in the Treatment of Convulsive Seizures: A Preliminary Report","volume":"28","author":"F Velasco","year":"1987","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"6","key":"pcbi.1011674.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1993.tb02134.x","article-title":"Effect of Chronic Electrical Stimulation of the Centromedian Thalamic Nuclei on Various Intractable Seizure Patterns: I. 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