{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:16:42Z","timestamp":1789431402019,"version":"build-2803163510"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1011784","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]],"date-time":"2024-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706659200000}}],"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,19]],"date-time":"2024-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705622400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003977","name":"Israel Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1442\/21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1442\/21"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003977","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004412","name":"Human Frontier Science Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGP0017\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGP0017\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004412","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ploscompbiol.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Comput Biol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Attractors play a key role in a wide range of processes including learning and memory. Due to recent innovations in recording methods, there is increasing evidence for the existence of attractor dynamics in the brain. Yet, our understanding of how these attractors emerge or disappear in a biological system is lacking.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>By following the spontaneous network bursts of cultured cortical networks, we are able to define a vocabulary of spatiotemporal patterns and show that they function as discrete attractors in the network dynamics. We show that electrically stimulating specific attractors eliminates them from the spontaneous vocabulary, while they are still robustly evoked by the electrical stimulation. This seemingly paradoxical finding can be explained by a Hebbian-like strengthening of specific pathways into the attractors, at the expense of weakening non-evoked pathways into the same attractors. We verify this hypothesis and provide a mechanistic explanation for the underlying changes supporting this effect.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1011784","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,19]],"date-time":"2024-01-19T14:01:40Z","timestamp":1705672900000},"page":"e1011784","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Revealing and reshaping attractor dynamics in large networks of cortical neurons"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4681-7759","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chen","family":"Beer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7894-6344","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Omri","family":"Barak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"pcbi.1011784.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1038\/84023","article-title":"In vivo intracellular recording and perturbation of persistent activity in a neural integrator","volume":"4","author":"E Aksay","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"issue":"7785","key":"pcbi.1011784.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1767-1","article-title":"Generation of stable heading representations in diverse visual scenes","volume":"576","author":"SS Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6151","key":"pcbi.1011784.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1038\/331068a0","article-title":"Neuronal correlate of pictorial short-term memory in the primate temporal cortexYasushi Miyashita","volume":"331","author":"Y Miyashita","year":"1988","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"11","key":"pcbi.1011784.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhg100","article-title":"Timing and Neural Encoding of Somatosensory Parametric Working Memory in Macaque Prefrontal Cortex","volume":"13","author":"CD Brody","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"issue":"9","key":"pcbi.1011784.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/10.9.910","article-title":"Synaptic mechanisms and network dynamics underlying spatial working memory in a cortical network model","volume":"10","author":"A Compte","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"issue":"11","key":"pcbi.1011784.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2861","DOI":"10.1162\/neco_a_01005","article-title":"Communicated by Patrick Simen Rat Prefrontal Cortex Inactivations during Decision Making Are Explained by Bistable Attractor Dynamics memory model naturally accounts for optogenetic perturbations of FOF in the same task and correctly predicts a memory-dur","volume":"29","author":"AT Piet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neural Computation"},{"issue":"12","key":"pcbi.1011784.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-022-00642-0","article-title":"Attractor and integrator networks in the brain","volume":"23","author":"M Khona","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"issue":"19","key":"pcbi.1011784.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3064","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2022.06.019","article-title":"Not so spontaneous: Multi-dimensional representations of behaviors and context in sensory areas","volume":"110","author":"L Avitan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"pcbi.1011784.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1002\/bip.10273","article-title":"Neuronal assemblies: Single cortical neurons are obedient members of a huge orchestra","volume":"68","author":"A Grinvald","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biopolymers"},{"issue":"January","key":"pcbi.1011784.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1195870","article-title":"Spontaneous cortical activity reveals hallmarks of an optimal internal model of the environment","volume":"331","author":"P Berkes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"pcbi.1011784.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.61942","article-title":"Spontaneous and evoked activity patterns diverge over development","volume":"10","author":"L Avitan","year":"2021","journal-title":"eLife"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1011784.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2007.12.020","article-title":"Identifying repeating motifs in the activation of synchronized bursts in cultured neuronal networks","volume":"170","author":"N Raichman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience Methods"},{"issue":"28","key":"pcbi.1011784.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9349","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-28-09349.2003","article-title":"Selective Adaptation in Networks of Cortical Neurons","volume":"23","author":"D Eytan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"22","key":"pcbi.1011784.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8782","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-22-08782.2001","article-title":"Learning in networks of cortical neurons","volume":"21","author":"G Shahaf","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"33","key":"pcbi.1011784.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8465","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1627-06.2006","article-title":"Dynamics and effective topology underlying synchronization in networks of cortical neurons","volume":"26","author":"D Eytan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"pcbi.1011784.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2202-7-11","article-title":"An extremely rich repertoire of bursting patterns during the development of cortical cultures","volume":"7","author":"DA Wagenaar","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMC Neuroscience"},{"key":"pcbi.1011784.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4371(01)00441-1","article-title":"Spontaneous synchronized bursting in 2D neural networks","volume":"302","author":"R Segev","year":"2001","journal-title":"Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications"},{"key":"pcbi.1011784.ref018","unstructured":"Ng AY, Jordan MI, Weiss Y. On spectral clustering: Analysis and an algorithm. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems; 2002."},{"key":"pcbi.1011784.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McInnes L, Healy J, Melville J. UMAP: Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection for Dimension Reduction. 2018;.","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.00861"},{"issue":"9","key":"pcbi.1011784.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(03)00197-9","article-title":"Persistent activity in the prefrontal cortex during working memory","volume":"7","author":"CE Curtis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"pcbi.1011784.ref021","unstructured":"Wang XJ. Decision Making in Recurrent Neuronal Circuits; 2008. Available from: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/18957215\/."},{"issue":"41","key":"pcbi.1011784.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25505","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1917551117","article-title":"Robust parallel decision-making in neural circuits with nonlinear inhibition","volume":"117","author":"B Kriener","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1011784.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1104-22.2022","article-title":"Creation of Neuronal Ensembles and Cell-Specific Homeostatic Plasticity through Chronic Sparse Optogenetic Stimulation","volume":"43","author":"B Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"pcbi.1011784.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Madhavan R, Chao ZC, Wagenaar DA, Bakkum DJ, Potter SM. Multi-site stimulation quiets network-wide spontaneous bursts and enhances functional plasticity in cultured cortical networks. Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology\u2014Proceedings. 2006; p. 1593\u20131596.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2006.260571"},{"issue":"3","key":"pcbi.1011784.ref025","first-page":"680","volume":"25","author":"DA Wagenaar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Controlling Bursting in Cortical Cultures with Closed-Loop Multi-Electrode Stimulation"},{"key":"pcbi.1011784.ref026","first-page":"1","author":"M Kaufman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adaptation to prolonged neuromodulation in cortical cultures: an invariable return to network synchrony"},{"issue":"7515","key":"pcbi.1011784.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13665","article-title":"Neural constraints on learning","volume":"512","author":"PT Sadtler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"pcbi.1011784.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033583501003742","article-title":"Development, learning and memory in large random networks of cortical neurons: Lessons beyond anatomy","volume":"35","author":"S Marom","year":"2002","journal-title":"Quarterly Reviews of Biophysics"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1011784","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]],"date-time":"2024-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706659200000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Computational Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1011784","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]],"date-time":"2024-01-31T13:40:46Z","timestamp":1706708446000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1011784"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Matthias Helge","family":"Hennig","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,19]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,19]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1011784","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2023.05.08.539868","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1553-7358"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-7358","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,19]]}}}