{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T14:34:16Z","timestamp":1781620456627,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,15]],"date-time":"2024-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710460800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN-2018-06835"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2018-06835"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN-2014-06204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2014-06204"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ploscompbiol.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Comput Biol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    In a variety of neurons, action potentials (APs) initiate at the proximal axon, within a region called the axon initial segment (AIS), which has a high density of voltage-gated sodium channels (Na\n                    <jats:sub>V<\/jats:sub>\n                    s) on its membrane. In pyramidal neurons, the proximal AIS has been reported to exhibit a higher proportion of Na\n                    <jats:sub>V<\/jats:sub>\n                    s with gating properties that are \u201c\n                    <jats:italic>right-shifted<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u201d to more depolarized voltages, compared to the distal AIS. Further, recent experiments have revealed that as neurons develop, the spatial distribution of Na\n                    <jats:sub>V<\/jats:sub>\n                    subtypes along the AIS can change substantially, suggesting that neurons tune their excitability by modifying said distribution. When neurons are stimulated axonally, computational modelling has shown that this spatial separation of gating properties in the AIS enhances the backpropagation of APs into the dendrites. In contrast, in the more natural scenario of somatic stimulation, our simulations show that the same distribution can impede backpropagation, suggesting that the choice of orthodromic versus antidromic stimulation can bias or even invert experimental findings regarding the role of Na\n                    <jats:sub>V<\/jats:sub>\n                    subtypes in the AIS. We implemented a range of hypothetical Na\n                    <jats:sub>V<\/jats:sub>\n                    distributions in the AIS of three multicompartmental pyramidal cell models and investigated the precise kinetic mechanisms underlying such effects, as the spatial distribution of Na\n                    <jats:sub>V<\/jats:sub>\n                    subtypes is varied. With axonal stimulation, proximal Na\n                    <jats:sub>V<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:italic>availability<\/jats:italic>\n                    dominates, such that concentrating\n                    <jats:italic>right-shifted<\/jats:italic>\n                    Na\n                    <jats:sub>V<\/jats:sub>\n                    s in the proximal AIS promotes backpropagation. However, with somatic stimulation, the models are insensitive to\n                    <jats:italic>availability<\/jats:italic>\n                    kinetics. Instead, the higher\n                    <jats:italic>activation<\/jats:italic>\n                    threshold of\n                    <jats:italic>right-shifted<\/jats:italic>\n                    Na\n                    <jats:sub>V<\/jats:sub>\n                    s in the AIS impedes backpropagation. Therefore, recently observed developmental changes to the spatial separation and relative proportions of Na\n                    <jats:sub>V<\/jats:sub>\n                    1.2 and Na\n                    <jats:sub>V<\/jats:sub>\n                    1.6 in the AIS differentially impact\n                    <jats:italic>activation<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>availability<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The observed effects on backpropagation, and potentially learning via its putative role in synaptic plasticity (e.g. through spike-timing-dependent plasticity), are opposite for orthodromic versus antidromic stimulation, which should inform hypotheses about the impact of the developmentally regulated subcellular localization of these Na\n                    <jats:sub>V<\/jats:sub>\n                    subtypes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1011846","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,15]],"date-time":"2024-03-15T13:53:03Z","timestamp":1710510783000},"page":"e1011846","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Impact on backpropagation of the spatial heterogeneity of sodium channel kinetics in the axon initial segment"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9574-0209","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Benjamin S. 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